Fully understand Golang struct instantiation and assignment

There are various instantiation and assignment methods of struct in Golang. For a while, it is a value transfer, and another is a pointer, which makes people confused, so I decided to sort out and understand the whole.

First define a structure, and explain it with the code below.

package main

import "fmt"

type Person struct {
    Name string
    Age int
    Descprtion string
}

Example one

p instantiates a struct in the most conventional way, and the variable p gets a Person structure.

p := Person{}
p.Name = "小明"

fmt.Printf("p:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
fmt.Println("===========")

// result:
// p:{Name:小明 Age:0 Descprtion:} 变量地址：0xc000078480
// ===========

Example two

The variable p1 is assigned from p. Since the Golang language value transfer, after the assignment, the modification of p1 will not affect p;

It can also be seen from the first output that Golang does not have a copy on write mechanism when assigning values to PHP variables.

p1 := p
fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p1, &p1) // 不存在写时复制
p1.Name = "小明p1"
fmt.Printf("p:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p1, &p1)
fmt.Println("===========")

// result:
// p1:{Name:小明 Age:0 Descprtion:} 变量地址：0xc0000784e0
// p:{Name:小明 Age:0 Descprtion:} 变量地址：0xc000078480
// p1:{Name:小明p1 Age:0 Descprtion:} 变量地址：0xc0000784e0
// ===========

Example three

Use the address character to assign the address of p to p2, and the variable p2 is a pointer that stores the address to p. When p2 modifies the element Name in the structure, the value corresponding to the structure accessed through p also changes accordingly.

p2 := &p // 等同于 var p2 *Person = &p
fmt.Printf("p2:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p2, p2, &p2)
p2.Name = "小明p2"
fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
fmt.Printf("p2:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p2, p2, &p2)
fmt.Println("===========")

// result:
// p2:&{Name:小明 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078480 变量地址：0xc000006030
// p1:{Name:小明p2 Age:0 Descprtion:} 变量地址：0xc000078480
// p2:&{Name:小明p2 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078480 变量地址：0xc000006030
// ===========

Example four

The variable p3 is derived from new(Person). new will open up a piece of memory and return the memory address to p3, that is, p3 is a pointer to this piece of memory.

p3 is a pointer to the structure. There are two ways to manipulate the structure, p3.Age = 3 and *p3 = Person{Name: "小明p3"}, if the second method is operated later, it will overwrite the first method. Modification of the structure.

Since p3 is a pointer, when p3 is assigned to p5, p5 will also point to this memory address.

p3 := new(Person)
fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
p3.Age = 3 // 等同于 (*p3).Age = 3
fmt.Println("================ 操作 Age ================")
fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
*p3 = Person{
    Name: "小明p3",
}
fmt.Println("================ 操作 Name ================")
fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
p5 := p3
fmt.Println("================ p5 := p3 ================")
fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
fmt.Printf("p5:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p5, p5, &p5)
p3.Name = "小明p3修改"
fmt.Println("================ p3 修改 ================")
fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
fmt.Printf("p5:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p5, p5, &p5)
fmt.Println("===========")

// result:
// p3:&{Name: Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006038
// ================ 操作 Age ================
// p3:&{Name: Age:3 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006038
// ================ 操作 Name ================
// p3:&{Name:小明p3 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006038
// ================ p5 := p3 ================
// p5:&{Name:小明p3 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006040
// ================ p3 修改 ================
// p3:&{Name:小明p3修改 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006038
// p5:&{Name:小明p3修改 Age:0 Descprtion:} 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：0xc000078630 变量地址：0xc000006040
// ===========

Example 5

The instantiation method of p4 will also get a pointer. This instantiation method is the same as the instantiation of p3, but the wording of p4 is more commonly used.

p4 := &Person{
    Name: "小明p4",
}
fmt.Printf("%+v %p\n", p4, &p4)

// result:
// &{Name:小明p4 Age:0 Descprtion:} 0xc000006048

Attach the complete code:

package main

import "fmt"

type Person struct {
    Name string
    Age int
    Descprtion string
}

func main() {
    p := Person{}
    p.Name = "小明"

    fmt.Printf("p:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
    fmt.Println("===========")

    p1 := p
    fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p1, &p1) // 不存在写时复制
    p1.Name = "小明p1"
    fmt.Printf("p:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
    fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p1, &p1)
    fmt.Println("===========")

    p2 := &p
    fmt.Printf("p2:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p2, p2, &p2)
    p2.Name = "小明p2"
    fmt.Printf("p1:%+v 变量地址：%p\n", p, &p)
    fmt.Printf("p2:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p2, p2, &p2)
    fmt.Println("===========")

    p3 := new(Person)
    fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
    p3.Age = 3 // 等同于 (*p3).Age = 3
    fmt.Println("================ 操作 Age ================")
    fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
    *p3 = Person{
        Name: "小明p3",
    }
    fmt.Println("================ 操作 Name ================")
    fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
    p5 := p3
    fmt.Println("================ p5 := p3 ================")
    fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
    fmt.Printf("p5:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p5, p5, &p5)
    p3.Name = "小明p3修改"
    fmt.Println("================ p3 修改 ================")
    fmt.Printf("p3:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p3, p3, &p3)
    fmt.Printf("p5:%+v 指针变量指向地址（变量值）：%p 变量地址：%p\n", p5, p5, &p5)
    fmt.Println("===========")

    p4 := &Person{
        Name: "小明p4",
    }
    fmt.Printf("%+v %p\n", p4, &p4)
}

End！