js algorithm

1.1 Bubble sort

Compare adjacent elements. If the first one is bigger than the second one, swap the two of them

function bubbleSort(arr) {
    var len = arr.length;
    for (var i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
        for (var j = 0; j < len - 1 - i; j++) {
            if (arr[j] > arr[j+1]) {        // 相邻元素两两对比
                var temp = arr[j+1];        // 元素交换
                arr[j+1] = arr[j];
                arr[j] = temp;
            }
        }
    }
    return arr;
}

1.2 Selection sort

Find the smallest (large) element in the unsorted sequence, store it at the beginning of the sorted sequence, and continue to find the smallest (large) element from the remaining unsorted elements, and then put it at the end of the sorted sequence

function selectionSort(arr) {
    var len = arr.length;
    var minIndex, temp;
    for (var i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
        minIndex = i;
        for (var j = i + 1; j < len; j++) {
            if (arr[j] < arr[minIndex]) {     // 寻找最小的数
                minIndex = j;                 // 将最小数的索引保存
            }
        }
        temp = arr[i];
        arr[i] = arr[minIndex];
        arr[minIndex] = temp;
    }
    return arr;
}

1.3 Insertion sort

By constructing an ordered sequence, for unsorted data, scan from back to front in the sorted sequence, find the corresponding position and insert.

function insertionSort(arr) {
    var len = arr.length;
    var preIndex, current;
    for (var i = 1; i < len; i++) {
        preIndex = i - 1;
        current = arr[i];
        while(preIndex >= 0 && arr[preIndex] > current) {
            arr[preIndex+1] = arr[preIndex];
            preIndex--;
        }
        arr[preIndex+1] = current;
    }
    return arr;
}

1.4 Hill sort

First divide the entire sequence of records to be sorted into several sub-sequences for direct insertion sorting, and when the records in the entire sequence are "basically ordered", then perform direct insertion sorting for all records in sequence

function shellSort(arr) {
    var len = arr.length,
        temp,
        gap = 1;
    while(gap < len/3) {          //动态定义间隔序列
        gap =gap*3+1;
    }
    for (gap; gap > 0; gap = Math.floor(gap/3)) {
        for (var i = gap; i < len; i++) {
            temp = arr[i];
            for (var j = i-gap; j >= 0 && arr[j] > temp; j-=gap) {
                arr[j+gap] = arr[j];
            }
            arr[j+gap] = temp;
        }
    }
    return arr;
}

1.5 Merge Sort

This algorithm is a very typical application of divide and conquer. Combine the existing ordered subsequences to obtain a completely ordered sequence; that is, first make each subsequence in order, and then make the subsequences in order. If two ordered lists are merged into one ordered list, it is called two-way merge.

function mergeSort(arr) {  // 采用自上而下的递归方法
    var len = arr.length;
    if(len < 2) {
        return arr;
    }
    var middle = Math.floor(len / 2),
        left = arr.slice(0, middle),
        right = arr.slice(middle);
    return merge(mergeSort(left), mergeSort(right));
}

function merge(left, right)
{
    var result = [];

    while (left.length && right.length) {
        if (left[0] <= right[0]) {
            result.push(left.shift());
        } else {
            result.push(right.shift());
        }
    }

    while (left.length)
        result.push(left.shift());

    while (right.length)
        result.push(right.shift());

    return result;
}

1.6 Quick sort

"Quicksort is an improvement on the bubble sort algorithm."

function quickSort(arr, left, right) {
    var len = arr.length,
        partitionIndex,
        left = typeof left != 'number' ? 0 : left,
        right = typeof right != 'number' ? len - 1 : right;

    if (left < right) {
        partitionIndex = partition(arr, left, right);
        quickSort(arr, left, partitionIndex-1);
        quickSort(arr, partitionIndex+1, right);
    }
    return arr;
}

function partition(arr, left ,right) {     // 分区操作
    var pivot = left,                      // 设定基准值（pivot）
        index = pivot + 1;
    for (var i = index; i <= right; i++) {
        if (arr[i] < arr[pivot]) {
            swap(arr, i, index);
            index++;
        }        
    }
    swap(arr, pivot, index - 1);
    return index-1;
}

function swap(arr, i, j) {
    var temp = arr[i];
    arr[i] = arr[j];
    arr[j] = temp;
}
function partition2(arr, low, high) {
  let pivot = arr[low];
  while (low < high) {
    while (low < high && arr[high] > pivot) {
      --high;
    }
    arr[low] = arr[high];
    while (low < high && arr[low] <= pivot) {
      ++low;
    }
    arr[high] = arr[low];
  }
  arr[low] = pivot;
  return low;
}

function quickSort2(arr, low, high) {
  if (low < high) {
    let pivot = partition2(arr, low, high);
    quickSort2(arr, low, pivot - 1);
    quickSort2(arr, pivot + 1, high);
  }
  return arr;
}

1.7 Heap sort

Heap sorting refers to a sorting algorithm designed by using the data structure of the heap. Stacking is a structure that approximates a complete binary tree, and at the same time satisfies the nature of stacking: that is, the key or index of the child node is always less than (or greater than) its parent node. Heap sort can be said to be a selective sort that uses the concept of a heap to sort.

var len;    // 因为声明的多个函数都需要数据长度，所以把len设置成为全局变量

function buildMaxHeap(arr) {   // 建立大顶堆
    len = arr.length;
    for (var i = Math.floor(len/2); i >= 0; i--) {
        heapify(arr, i);
    }
}

function heapify(arr, i) {     // 堆调整
    var left = 2 * i + 1,
        right = 2 * i + 2,
        largest = i;

    if (left < len && arr[left] > arr[largest]) {
        largest = left;
    }

    if (right < len && arr[right] > arr[largest]) {
        largest = right;
    }

    if (largest != i) {
        swap(arr, i, largest);
        heapify(arr, largest);
    }
}

function swap(arr, i, j) {
    var temp = arr[i];
    arr[i] = arr[j];
    arr[j] = temp;
}

function heapSort(arr) {
    buildMaxHeap(arr);

    for (var i = arr.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
        swap(arr, 0, i);
        len--;
        heapify(arr, 0);
    }
    return arr;
}

1.8 Counting and sorting

The core of counting and sorting is to convert the input data values into keys and store them in the additional array space. As a sort of linear time complexity, count sort requires that the input data must be an integer with a certain range.

function countingSort(arr, maxValue) {
    var bucket = new Array(maxValue+1),
        sortedIndex = 0;
        arrLen = arr.length,
        bucketLen = maxValue + 1;

    for (var i = 0; i < arrLen; i++) {
        if (!bucket[arr[i]]) {
            bucket[arr[i]] = 0;
        }
        bucket[arr[i]]++;
    }

    for (var j = 0; j < bucketLen; j++) {
        while(bucket[j] > 0) {
            arr[sortedIndex++] = j;
            bucket[j]--;
        }
    }

    return arr;
}

1.9 Bucket sorting

It is to divide the number into a limited number of barrels. Each bucket is sorted individually (it is possible to use another sorting algorithm or continue to use bucket sorting for sorting in a recursive manner). Bucket sorting is an inductive result of pigeonhole sorting. When the values in the array to be sorted are evenly distributed, bucket sorting uses linear time (Θ(n)). But bucket sort is not a comparative sort, it is not affected by the lower limit of O(n log n).

function bucketSort(arr, bucketSize) {
    if (arr.length === 0) {
      return arr;
    }

    var i;
    var minValue = arr[0];
    var maxValue = arr[0];
    for (i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {
      if (arr[i] < minValue) {
          minValue = arr[i];                // 输入数据的最小值
      } else if (arr[i] > maxValue) {
          maxValue = arr[i];                // 输入数据的最大值
      }
    }

    //桶的初始化
    var DEFAULT_BUCKET_SIZE = 5;            // 设置桶的默认数量为5
    bucketSize = bucketSize || DEFAULT_BUCKET_SIZE;
    var bucketCount = Math.floor((maxValue - minValue) / bucketSize) + 1;  
    var buckets = new Array(bucketCount);
    for (i = 0; i < buckets.length; i++) {
        buckets[i] = [];
    }

    //利用映射函数将数据分配到各个桶中
    for (i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
        buckets[Math.floor((arr[i] - minValue) / bucketSize)].push(arr[i]);
    }

    arr.length = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < buckets.length; i++) {
        insertionSort(buckets[i]);                      // 对每个桶进行排序，这里使用了插入排序
        for (var j = 0; j < buckets[i].length; j++) {
            arr.push(buckets[i][j]);                      
        }
    }

    return arr;
}

1.10 Cardinality sort

Cardinality sorting is a non-comparative integer sorting algorithm. Its principle is to cut integers into different numbers according to the digits, and then compare them according to each digit. Since integers can also express strings (such as names or dates) and floating-point numbers in a specific format, radix sorting is not limited to integers.

//LSD Radix Sort
var counter = [];
function radixSort(arr, maxDigit) {
    var mod = 10;
    var dev = 1;
    for (var i = 0; i < maxDigit; i++, dev *= 10, mod *= 10) {
        for(var j = 0; j < arr.length; j++) {
            var bucket = parseInt((arr[j] % mod) / dev);
            if(counter[bucket]==null) {
                counter[bucket] = [];
            }
            counter[bucket].push(arr[j]);
        }
        var pos = 0;
        for(var j = 0; j < counter.length; j++) {
            var value = null;
            if(counter[j]!=null) {
                while ((value = counter[j].shift()) != null) {
                      arr[pos++] = value;
                }
          }
        }
    }
    return arr;
}