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PHPUnit是PHP的单元测试框架。单元测试在软件开发中越来越受到重视,测试先行编程、极限编程和测试驱动开发在实践中被广泛。利用单元测试,也可以实现契约式设计。

phpunit

接下来,我们通过一个例子说明如何利用PHPUnit来实践测试驱动开发。

假设我们需要编写一个银行账户的功能:BankAccount。该功能用于设置银行账户收支,存取现金,必须确保:

  • 银行账户初始化时余额为0。
  • 余额不能为负数。

在编写代码之前,我们先为BankAccout类编写测试:

require_once 'BankAccount.php';

class BankAccountTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    protected $ba;

    protected function setUp()
    {
        $this->ba = new BankAccount;
    }

    public function testBalanceIsInitiallyZero()
    {
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());
    }

    public function testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative()
    {
        try {
            $this->ba->withdrawMoney(1);
        }

        catch (BankAccountException $e) {
            $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());

            return;
        }

        $this->fail();
    }

    public function testBalanceCannotBecomeNegative2()
    {
        try {
            $this->ba->depositMoney(-1);
        }

        catch (BankAccountException $e) {
            $this->assertEquals(0, $this->ba->getBalance());

            return;
        }

        $this->fail();
    }
}

现在我们编写为了让第一个测试testBalanceIsInitiallyZero()通过所需要的代码:

class BankAccount
{
    protected $balance = 0;

    public function getBalance()
    {
        return $this->balance;
    }
}

现在第一个测试可以通过了,第二个还不行:

phpunit BankAccountTest
PHPUnit 3.7.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

.
Fatal error: Call to undefined method BankAccount::withdrawMoney()

为了让第二个测试通过,我们需要实现withdrawMoney()depositMoney()setBalance()方法。这些方法在违反约束条件时,会抛出一个BankAccountException

class BankAccount
{
    protected $balance = 0;

    public function getBalance()
    {
        return $this->balance;
    }

    protected function setBalance($balance)
    {
        if ($balance >= 0) {
            $this->balance = $balance;
        } else {
            throw new BankAccountException;
        }
    }

    public function depositMoney($balance)
    {
        $this->setBalance($this->getBalance() + $balance);

        return $this->getBalance();
    }

    public function withdrawMoney($balance)
    {
        $this->setBalance($this->getBalance() - $balance);

        return $this->getBalance();
    }
}

现在第二个测试也能通过啦~

phpunit BankAccountTest
PHPUnit 3.7.0 by Sebastian Bergmann.

...

Time: 0 seconds


OK (3 tests, 3 assertions)

你也可以使用契约式设计的风格,只需使用PHPUnit_Framework_Assert类提供的静态断言方法编写契约条件。下面例子中,如果断言不成立,就会抛出一个PHPUnit_Framework_AssertionFailedError。这种方式可以增加你的代码的可读性。但是这也意味着你需要PHPUnit会成为你的运行时依赖。

class BankAccount
{
    private $balance = 0;

    public function getBalance()
    {
        return $this->balance;
    }

    protected function setBalance($balance)
    {
        PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertTrue($balance >= 0);

        $this->balance = $balance;
    }

    public function depositMoney($amount)
    {
        PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertTrue($amount >= 0);

        $this->setBalance($this->getBalance() + $amount);

        return $this->getBalance();
    }

    public function withdrawMoney($amount)
    {
        PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertTrue($amount >= 0);
        PHPUnit_Framework_Assert::assertTrue($this->balance >= $amount);

        $this->setBalance($this->getBalance() - $amount);

        return $this->getBalance();
    }
}

原文 Test-Driven Development with PHPUnit
翻译 SegmentFault


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