红皮书（5）：面向对象的程序设计

创建对象

工厂模式

function createPerson(name, age,job){
    var o = new object();
    o.name = name;
    o.age = age;
    o.job = job;
    o.sayName = function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    }

    return o;
}

var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = createPerson("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

工厂模式虽然解决了创建多个相似对象的问题，但却没有解决对象识别的问题（即怎样知道一个对象的类型）。

构造函数模式

function Person(name,age,job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.sayName = function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    }
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

构造函数的问题

function Person(name,age,job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.sayName = new Function("console.log(this.name)"); // 与声明函数在逻辑上是等价的
}

以这种方法创建函数，会导致不同的作用域链和标示符解析。不同实例上的同名函数是不相等的。

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");
console.log(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); // false

然后，创建两个完成同样任务的Function实例的确没有必要；况且有this对象在，根本不用在执行代码前就把函数绑定到特定对象上面。因此，大可像下面这样，通过把函数定义转移到构造函数外部来解决这个问题。

function Person(name, age,job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.sayName = sayName;
}

function sayName(){
    console.log(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

可是新问题又来了：在全局作用域中定义的函数实际上只能被某个对象调用，这让全局作用域有点名不副实。而更让人无法接受的是：如果对象需要定义很多方法，那么就要定义很多多个全局函数，于是我们这个自定义的引用类型就丝毫没有封装性可言了。好在，这些问题可以通过使用原型模式来解决。

原型模式

function Person(){}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software  Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    console.log(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person();
person1.sayName(); // Nicholas

var person2 = new Person();
person2.sayName(); // Nicholas
console.log(person1.sayName == person2.sayName);

isPrototypeOf()

console.log(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); // true
console.log(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); // true

hasOwnProperty()

function Person(){}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software  Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    console.log(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); // false

person1.name = "Greg";
console.log(person1.name); // Greg
console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); // true

console.log(person2.name); // Nicholas
console.log(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); // false

delete person1.name;
console.log(person1.name); // Nicholas
console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); // false

原型与in操作符

function Person(){}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software  Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
    console.log(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); // false
console.log("name" in person1); // true

person1.name = "Greg";
console.log(person1.name); // Greg
console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty('name')); // true
console.log("name" in person1); // true


console.log(person2.name); // Nicholas
console.log(person2.hasOwnProperty('name')); // false
console.log("name" in person2); // true

delete person1.name;
console.log(person1.name); // Nicholas
console.log(person1.hasOwnProperty('name')); // false
console.log("name" in person1); // true

同时使用hasOwnProperty()方法和in操作符，就可以确定该属性到底是存在于对象中，还是存在于原型中，如下：

function hasPrototypeProperty(object,name){
    return !object.hasOwnProperty(name)&&(name in object);
}

只要in操作符返回true而hasOwnProperty()返回false,就可以确定属性是原型中的属性。

更简单的原型语法

function Person(){}

Person.prototype = {
    name: "Nicholas", 
    age:29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    sayName: function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    }
}

var friend = new Person();
console.log(friend instanceof Object); // true
console.log(friend instanceof Person); // true
console.log(friend.constructor == Person); // false
console.log(friend.constructor == Object); // true

如果constructor的值真的很重要，可以像下面这样特意将它设置回适当的值。

function Person(){}

Person.prototype = {
    constructor: Person,
    name: "Nicholas", 
    age:29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    sayName: function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    }
}

原型对象的问题

function Person(){}

Person.prototype = {
    constructor: Person,
    name: "Nicholas", 
    age:29,
    job: "Software Engineer",
    friends: ['Shelby', "Court"],
    sayName: function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    }
}

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

person1.friends.push("Van");

console.log(person1.friends); //Shelby,Court,Van
console.log(person2.friends); //Shelby,Court,Van
console.log(person1.friends===person2.friends); // true

假如我们的初衷就是像这样在所有实例中共享一个数组，那么对这个结果无话可说。可是，实例一般都是要有属于自己的全部属性的。而这个问题正是我们很少看到有人单独使用原型模式的原因所在。

组合使用构造函数模式和原型模式

function Person(name,age,job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
    this.friends = ["Shelby", "Court"];
}

Person.prototype = {
    constructor: Person,
    sayName: function(){ console.log(this.name);}
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

person1.friends.push("Van");
console.log(person1.friends); // Shelby, Count, Van
console.log(person2.friends); // Shelby, Count
console.log(person1.friends === person2.friends); // false
console.log(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); // true

在这个例子中，实例属性都是在构造函数中定义的，而由所有实例共享的属性constructor和方法sayName()则是在原型中定义的。这种构造函数与原型混成的模式，是目前认同度最高的一种创建自定义类型的方法。

动态原型模式

function Person(name, age,job){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.job = job;
}

if (typeof this.sayName!='function'){
    Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
        console.log(this.name);
   }
}

var friend = new Person("Nicholas",29,"Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //Nicholas

寄生构造函数模式

function Person(name,age,job){
    var o = new Object();
    o.name = name;
    o.age = age;
    o.job = job;
    o.sayName = function(){
        console.log(this.name);
    };
    return o;
}

var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); // Nicholas

关于寄生构造函数模式，返回的对象与构造函数或者构造函数的原型属性之间没有关系；也就是说，构造函数返回的对象与在构造函数外部创建的对象没有什么不同。

继承

原型链

function SuperType(){
     this.property= true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
    return this.property;
};

function Subtype(){
    this.subproperty = false;
}

// 继承了SuperType
Subtype.prototype = new SuperType();

Subtype.prototype.getSubValue = function(){
    return this.subproperty;
}

var instance = new Subtype();
console.log(instance.getSuperValue()); // true

谨慎地定义方法

function SuperType(){
     this.property= true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
    return this.property;
};

function Subtype(){
    this.subproperty = false;
}

// 继承了SuperType
Subtype.prototype = new SuperType();

Subtype.prototype = {
    getSubValue: function(){
        return this.subproperty;
    },
    someOtherMethod: function(){
        return false;
    }
};

var instance = new Subtype();
console.log(instance.getSuperValue()); // error

原型链的问题

1. 包含引用类型值的原型属性会被所有实例共享；而这也正是为什么要在构造函数中，而不是在原型对象中定义属性的原因。
2. 在创建子类型的实例时，不能向超类型的构造函数中传递参数。实际上，应该说是没有办法在不影响所有对象实例的情况下，给超类型的构造函数传递参数。

借用构造函数

function SuperType(){
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

function Subtype(){
    SuperType.call(this);
}

var instance1 = new Subtype();
instance1.colors.push("black");
console.log(instance1.colors); // red, blue, green, black

var instance2 = new Subtype();
console.log(instance2.colors); // red, blue, green

传递参数

function SuperType(name){
    this.name = name;
}

function Subtype(){
    SuperType.call(this,"Nicholas");
    this.age = 29;
}

var instance = new Subtype();
console.log(instance.name); //Nicholas
console.log(instance.age); // 29

组合继承

function SuperType(name){
    this.name = name;
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
    console.log(this.name);
};

function Subtype(name,age){
    SuperType.call(this,name);
    this.age = age;
}

Subtype.prototype = new SuperType();
Subtype.prototype.sayAge = function(){
   console.log(this.age);
};

var instance1 = new Subtype("Nicholas", 29);
instance1.colors.push("black");
console.log(instance1.colors); // red, blue, green, black
instance1.sayName(); // Nicholas
instance1.sayAge(); //29

var instance2 = new Subtype("Greg", 2);
console.log(instance2.colors); // red, blue, green
instance2.sayName(); // Greg
instance2.sayAge(); //2

组合继承避免了原型链和借用函数的缺陷，融合了它们的优点，成为Javascript中最常用的继承模式。

原型式继承

function object(o){
    function F(){}
    F.prototype = o;
    return new F();
}

var person = {
    name:"Nicholas",
    friends:["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};

var anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");

var yetAnotherPerson = object(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");

console.log(person.friends); // Shelby, Court, Van, Rob, Barbie

Object.create()

Object.create()方法规范了原型式继承。

var person = {
    name:"Nicholas",
    friends:["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};

var anotherPerson = Object.create(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");

var yetAnotherPerson = Object.create(person);
yetAnotherPerson.name = "Linda";
yetAnotherPerson.friends.push("Barbie");

console.log(person.friends); // Shelby, Court, Van, Rob, Barbie

寄生式继承

function object(o){
    function F(){}
    F.prototype = o;
    return new F();
}

function inheritPrototype(subType,superType){
    var prototype = object(superType.prototype);
    prototype.constructor = subType;
    subType.prototype = prototype;
}

function SuperType(name){
    this.name = name;
    this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
    console.log(this.name);
}

function Subtype(name,age){
    SuperType.call(this,name);
    this.age = age;
}

inheritPrototype(Subtype, SuperType);

Subtype.prototype.sayAge = function(){
    console.log(this.age);
}