1

(编辑完这篇之后,发现本篇内容应该属于AngularJS的进阶,内容有点多,有几个例子偷懒直接用了官方的Demo稍加了一些注释,敬请见谅)。

前面一篇介绍了各种常用的AngularJS内建的Directives以及对应的代码实例。这篇我们再看看如何创建自己的Directive吧!

什么时候需要自定义Directive?

  1. 使你的Html更具语义化,不需要深入研究代码和逻辑即可知道页面的大致逻辑。

  2. 抽象一个自定义组件,在其他地方进行重用。

看一下如下2个代码片段:

示例1:

 1 <body>
 2     <div>
 3         <p>This is your class name.</p>
 4         <div>
 5             <p>Your teacher:</p>
 6             <p>Mr. Wang</p>
 7             <p>35 years old</p>
 8             <p>English</p>
 9             <p>Descriptions: 1.85cm tall, with a pair of brown glasses, unmarried, easy going etc.</p>
10         </div>
11         <div>
12             <div>
13                 <p>Students in the class:</p>
14                 <div>
15                     <p>Jack</p>
16                     <p>Male</p>
17                     <p>15</p>
18                     <p>Description: Smart ...</p>
19                 </div>
20                 <div>
21                     <p>May</p>
22                     <p>Female</p>
23                     <p>14</p>
24                     <p>Description: Diligent ...</p>
25                 </div>
26                 <div>
27                     <p>Tom</p>
28                     <p>Male</p>
29                     <p>15</p>
30                     <p>Description: Naughty ...</p>
31                 </div>
32                 <div>
33                     <p>Alice</p>
34                     <p>Female</p>
35                     <p>14</p>
36                     <p>Description: Smart ...</p>
37                 </div>
38             </div>
39         </div>
40     </div>
41 </body>

示例2:

1 <body ng-app>
2     <class-info>
3         <teacher-info></teacher-info>
4         <student-infos></student-infos>
5     </class-info>
6 </body>

示例1中的代码你可能要完整的看完才能知道逻辑(当然示例1也不复杂,你可以想象下真实的场景要比这个复杂的多的多),不是说示例2中的代码少(逻辑被转移到其他地方去了),而是在示例2中,光看Html标签就知道这个页面是在展示班级信息,班级信息中还有班主任的信息和所有学生的信息。

另外,示例1中,若一个班级的学生有30个,学生信息的Html会出现30次,如果将来发生变动,这30出学生信息的代码都需要改动。

制作一个属于自己的Directive
示例3:

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.info = {
10                     yourname: 'Jack',
11                     template: 'template.html'
12                 };
13             }]);
14 
15             // 自定义Element的Directive
16             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
17                 return {
18                     // A 代表 Attribute
19                     // C 代表 Class
20                     // E 代表 Element
21                     // ACE 表示同时创建 A、C、E 三种
22                     restrict: 'ACE',
23                     // templateUrl 指向独立的Html文件,AngularJS会用Html文件中的内容替换studentInfo对象
24                     templateUrl: 'template.html'
25                 };
26             });
27         })();
28     </script>
29 </head>
30 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
31     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
32         <student-info></student-info>
33         <br />
34         <data-student-info></data-student-info>
35         <br />
36 
37         <div student-info></div>
38         <br />
39         <div data_student-info></div>
40         <br />
41 
42         <div class="student-info"></div>
43         <br />
44         <div class="data-student-info"></div>
45         <br />
46     </div>
47 </body>
48 </html>

template.html:

<div>
     <p>This is a custom template.</p>
     <p>Your name: {{info.yourname}}</p>
 </div>

注意:你可能还见过restrict:'M',或者Directive的命名以pre_suf、pre:suf这样的代码书写方式,这些都已经“过时”了,最潮的restrict仅使用ACE三种,命名方式使用pre-suf。

另外,你可能疑惑,为什么加上"data-"前缀的为什么也能被解析?实际上AngularJS在处理Directive时,首先会忽略Directive命名中的"data-"或者"x-"前缀,因此无论你加上"data-"还是"x-",AngularJS还是能正确解析的,不过"x-"也是一种过时的写法,我们可以忽略。

好了,是不是很容易?属于我们自己的Directive就这样创建成功了,接着让我们更深入一些,看一下Directive的scope属性。首先看一下以下3段代码:

示例4(student-info直接使用了包含它的Controller的Scope中的变量jack和alice):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.jack = {
10                     name: 'Jack',
11                     sex: 'Male'
12                 },
13                 $scope.alice = {
14                     name: 'Alice',
15                     sex: 'Female'
16                 }
17             }]);
18 
19             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
20                 return {
21                     restrict: 'E',
22                     template: '<div><p>Student name: {{jack.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{jack.sex}}</p></div><br /><div><p>Student name: {{alice.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{alice.sex}}</p></div>'
23                 };
24             });
25         })();
26     </script>
27 </head>
28 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
29     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
30         <student-info></student-info>
31     </div>
32 </body>
33 </html>

示例5(和示例1类似,直接使用包含student-info的Controller中的变量students,在template中使用ng-repeat展示学生信息):

 1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.students = [
10                     {
11                         name: 'Jack',
12                         sex: 'Male'
13                     },
14                     {
15                         name: 'Alice',
16                         sex: 'Female'
17                     }
18                 ];
19             }]);
20 
21             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
22                 return {
23                     restrict: 'E',
24                     template: '<div ng-repeat="stu in students"><p>Student name:{{stu.name}}</p><p>Student sex:{{stu.sex}}</p></div>'
25                 };
26             });
27         })();
28     </script>
29 </head>
30 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
31     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
32         <student-info></student-info>
33     </div>
34 </body>
35 </html>

示例6(定义两个不同的Controller:jackController和aliceController,使student-info处于2个不同的controller中):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('jackController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.student =
10                     {
11                         name: 'Jack',
12                         sex: 'Male'
13                     }
14             }]);
15 
16             app.controller('aliceController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
17                 $scope.student =
18                     {
19                         name: 'Alice',
20                         sex: 'Female'
21                     }
22             }]);
23 
24             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
25                 return {
26                     restrict: 'E',
27                     template: '<div><p>Student name:{{student.name}}</p><p>Student sex:{{student.sex}}</p></div>'
28                 };
29             });
30         })();
31     </script>
32 </head>
33 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
34     <div ng-controller="jackController as jackCtrl">
35         <student-info></student-info>
36     </div>
37     <br />
38     <div ng-controller="aliceController as aliceCtrl">
39         <student-info></student-info>
40     </div>
41 </body>
42 </html>

上述三种方式,都能达到我们所需的目的:自定义一个名为student-info的Directive,展示Controller中的学生信息。但仔细分析上述3种不同的代码,能发现它们各自有不同的问题:

  1. 示例4中,student-info的template中的所有表达式严重依赖Controller中的变量定义,导致student-info无法抽象成一个公共的学生信息展示模块。

  2. 示例5中,虽然使用ng-repeat封装了代码,但是还是存在依赖Controller中students变量的问题,示例5仅比示例4稍微好点。

  3. 示例6中,定义了不同的Controller来隔离作用域,但N个学生需要定义N个作用域,并且定义Controller时,还是必须定义一个名为student的变量,否则代码无法正确执行,因此还是存在耦合性。

好吧,让我们看看AngularJS为我们提供的优雅的解决方案-Isolate scope:

示例7(通过 使用 =attr 将Isolate scope中的属性赋值给Directive的名为'attr'的Attribute):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.jack = {
10                     name: 'Jack',
11                     sex: 'Male'
12                 },
13                 $scope.alice = {
14                     name: 'Alice',
15                     sex: 'Female'
16                 }
17             }]);
18 
19             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
20                 return {
21                     restrict: 'E',
22                     // 定义student-info的Isolate scope
23                     scope: {
24                         // 作用域内定义一个变量:newNameInScope
25                         // 值对应到Directive中的info属性
26                         newNameInScope: '=info'
27                     },
28                     // template 不再依赖外部, 仅依赖内部的newNameInScope变量
29                     template: '<div><p>Student name: {{newNameInScope.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{newNameInScope.sex}}</p></div>'
30                 };
31             });
32         })();
33     </script>
34 </head>
35 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
36     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
37         <!--将myController中的jack属性传递给info-->
38         <student-info info="jack"></student-info>
39         <br />
40         <!--将myController中的alice属性传递给info-->
41         <student-info info="alice"></student-info>
42     </div>
43 </body>
44 </html>

不同之处已经在注释中说明,示例7已经完全将student-info与外界隔离,不在存在耦合性,真正达到了我们自定义Directive的目的2(见本文"什么时候需要自定义Directive"部分)。

让我们再对示例7进行一些调整:

示例8:

 1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.jack = {
10                     name: 'Jack',
11                     sex: 'Male'
12                 },
13                 $scope.alice = {
14                     name: 'Alice',
15                     sex: 'Female'
16                 }
17             }]);
18 
19             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
20                 return {
21                     restrict: 'E',
22                     scope: {
23                         newNameInScope: '=info'
24                     },
25                     // 这里的alice将不能获取Controller中的变量alice的信息
26                     template: '<div><p>Student name: {{newNameInScope.name}}</p><p>Student sex: {{newNameInScope.sex}}</p><br /><p>Deskmate name: {{alice.name}}</p><p>Deskmate sex: {{alice.sex}}</p></div>'
27                 };
28             });
29         })();
30     </script>
31 </head>
32 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
33     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
34         <student-info info="jack"></student-info>
35     </div>
36 </body>
37 </html>

这个就是所谓的封闭(Isolate),对比一下示例4,当创建student-info时指定了scope属性后,不在scope中指定的变量,在student-info中将无法被识别,做到了“封闭”。这样,当你定义一个公共模块时,不会因为在不同的Controller中使用而产生意想不到的问题。因此当你需要定义一个具有隔离性的Directive时,即使不需要传递Controller中的变量,也务必加上scope属性。

不过我们只能将一个字符串或者一个对象传入Isolate scope中,试想若遇到某些特殊情况,需要直接包含指定的Html片段时怎么办?AngularJS也是有这样的功能的。

示例9:

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('ngCustomDirectiveTest', []);
 8             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
 9                 $scope.jack = {
10                     name: 'Jack',
11                     sex: 'Male'
12                 },
13                 $scope.alice = {
14                     name: 'Alice',
15                     sex: 'Female'
16                 }
17             }]);
18 
19             app.directive("studentInfo", function () {
20                 return {
21                     restrict: 'E',
22                     // 指定transclude属性为true
23                     transclude: true
24                 };
25             });
26         })();
27     </script>
28 </head>
29 <body ng-app="ngCustomDirectiveTest">
30     <div ng-controller="myController as myCtrl">
31         <!--指明student-info将会使用transclude模式-->
32         <student-info ng-transclude>
33             <!-- student-info的内容由使用者自己指定,并且内容中能访问student-info的scope以外的变量 -->
34             <p>Student name: {{jack.name}}</p>
35             <p>Student sex: {{jack.sex}}</p>
36             <br />
37             <p>Deskmate name: {{alice.name}}</p>
38             <p>Deskmate sex: {{alice.sex}}
39         </student-info>
40     </div>
41 </body>
42 </html>

其他自定义Directive的示例
示例10(自定义Directive操作DOM,官方文档中的demo):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('docsTimeDirective', []);
 8 
 9             app.controller('Controller', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
10                 $scope.format = 'M/d/yy h:mm:ss a';
11             }])
12 
13             app.directive('myCurrentTime', ['$interval', 'dateFilter', function ($interval, dateFilter) {
14                 function link(scope, element, attrs) {
15                     var format,
16                         timeoutId;
17 
18                     function updateTime() {
19                         element.text(dateFilter(new Date(), format));
20                     }
21 
22                     scope.$watch(attrs.myCurrentTime, function (value) {
23                         format = value;
24                         updateTime();
25                     });
26 
27                     element.on('$destroy', function () {
28                         $interval.cancel(timeoutId);
29                     });
30 
31                     timeoutId = $interval(function () {
32                         updateTime();
33                     }, 1000);
34                 }
35 
36                 return {
37                     link: link
38                 };
39             }]);
40         })();
41     </script>
42 </head>
43 <body ng-app="docsTimeDirective">
44     <div ng-controller="Controller">
45         Date format:
46         <input ng-model="format">
47         <hr />
48         Current time is: <span my-current-time="format"></span>
49     </div>
50 </body>
51 </html>

如果想要使Directive改变DOM,一般会用到link参数,其原型为:function link(scope, element, attrs) {...}:

scope: 与当前元素结合的scope
elment:当前元素
$attrs:当前元素的属性对象

示例11(通过使用&attr开放Directive,将自定义的方法绑定到Directive上):

 1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('isoFnBindTest', []);
 8 
 9             app.controller('myController', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
10                 $scope.name = '';
11                 $scope.message = '';
12                 $scope.isHide = true;
13                 $scope.sayHello = function (message, name) {
14                     $scope.isHide = false;
15                     $scope.name = name;
16                     $scope.message = message;
17                     alert($scope.message + ',' + $scope.name);
18                 };
19             }]);
20 
21             app.directive('myGreeting', function () {
22                 return {
23                     restrict: 'E',
24                     transclude: true,
25                     scope: {
26                         // Step 2: greet方法绑定到onGreet属性(对应Html中的on-greet),并将greet的输入参数传给onGreet
27                         'greet': '&onGreet'
28                     },
29                     templateUrl: 'my-greeting.html'
30                 };
31             });
32         })();
33     </script>
34 </head>
35 <body ng-app="isoFnBindTest">
36     <div ng-controller="myController">
37         <!-- Step 3: on-greet指向了myController中的sayHello方法,此时on-greet中能直接访问到greet的输入参数-->
38         <my-greeting on-greet="sayHello(message, name)">
39             <div ng-hide="isHide">
40                 {{message}}, {{name}}!
41             </div>
42         </my-greeting>
43     </div>
44 </body>
45 </html>

my-greeting.html:

1 <div>
2   <!-- Step1: 一旦触发click, 将调用Isolate scope中的greet方法-->
3   <button ng-click="greet({message: 'Hello', name: 'Tom'})">Click me!</button>
4   <div ng-transclude></div>
5 </div>

示例12(Directive侦听事件,官方Demo):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('dragModule', []);
 8 
 9             app.directive('myDraggable', ['$document', function ($document) {
10                 return {
11                     link: function (scope, element, attr) {
12                         var startX = 0, startY = 0, x = 0, y = 0;
13 
14                         element.css({
15                             position: 'relative',
16                             border: '1px solid red',
17                             backgroundColor: 'lightgrey',
18                             cursor: 'pointer'
19                         });
20 
21                         element.on('mousedown', function (event) {
22                             // Prevent default dragging of selected content
23                             event.preventDefault();
24                             startX = event.pageX - x;
25                             startY = event.pageY - y;
26                             $document.on('mousemove', mousemove);
27                             $document.on('mouseup', mouseup);
28                         });
29 
30                         function mousemove(event) {
31                             y = event.pageY - startY;
32                             x = event.pageX - startX;
33                             element.css({
34                                 top: y + 'px',
35                                 left: x + 'px'
36                             });
37                         }
38 
39                         function mouseup() {
40                             $document.off('mousemove', mousemove);
41                             $document.off('mouseup', mouseup);
42                         }
43                     }
44                 };
45             }]);
46         })();
47     </script>
48 </head>
49 <body ng-app="dragModule">
50     <span my-draggable>Drag ME</span>
51 </body>
52 </html>

示例13(Directive之间的相互作用,官方Demo):

1 <!DOCTYPE>
 2 <html>
 3 <head>
 4     <script src="/Scripts/angular.js"></script>
 5     <script type="text/javascript">
 6         (function () {
 7             var app = angular.module('docsTabsExample', []);
 8 
 9             app.directive('myTabs', function () {
10                 return {
11                     restrict: 'E',
12                     transclude: true,
13                     scope: {},
14                     controller: function ($scope) {
15                         var panes = $scope.panes = [];
16 
17                         $scope.select = function (pane) {
18                             angular.forEach(panes, function (pane) {
19                                 pane.selected = false;
20                             });
21                             pane.selected = true;
22                         };
23 
24                         this.addPane = function (pane) {
25                             if (panes.length === 0) {
26                                 $scope.select(pane);
27                             }
28                             panes.push(pane);
29                         };
30                     },
31                     templateUrl: 'my-tabs.html'
32                 };
33             });
34 
35             app.directive('myPane', function () {
36                 return {
37                     // 指定必须有myTabs对象,若对象不存在则会报错,见下面的图1
38                     require: '^myTabs',  // ^ 表示将在父级的范围内查找该对象, 没有 ^ 表示在Directive内查找该对象, 若范围指定错误无法找到myTabs,js则会报错
39                     restrict: 'E',
40                     transclude: true,
41                     scope: {
42                         title: '@'
43                     },
44                     link: function (scope, element, attrs, tabsCtrl) {
45                         tabsCtrl.addPane(scope);
46                     },
47                     templateUrl: 'my-pane.html'
48                 };
49             });
50         })();
51     </script>
52 </head>
53 <body ng-app="docsTabsExample">
54     <my-tabs>
55       <my-pane title="Hello">
56         <h4>Hello</h4>
57         <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</p>
58       </my-pane>
59       <my-pane title="World">
60         <h4>World</h4>
61         <em>Mauris elementum elementum enim at suscipit.</em>
62         <p><a href ng-click="i = i + 1">counter: {{i || 0}}</a></p>
63       </my-pane>
64     </my-tabs>
65 </body>
66 </html>

my-tabs.html:

1 <div class="tabbable">
2   <ul class="nav nav-tabs">
3     <li ng-repeat="pane in panes" ng-class="{active:pane.selected}">
4       <a href="" ng-click="select(pane)">{{pane.title}}</a>
5     </li>
6   </ul>
7   <div class="tab-content" ng-transclude></div>
8 </div>

my-pane.html:

1 <div class="tab-pane" ng-show="selected" ng-transclude>
2 </div>

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