Githug是一个入门和辅助学习Github的代码游戏,至今已有54个关卡。通关之后,我对于Github神器有了更多的体会,它值得我们进一步研究。
在这里,我向各位推荐这篇通关秘籍,如果遇到问题可以来这里找到答案。同时,我也想大家推荐匠艺社区Coding Style,在这里我遇到了VIM,遇到了Coding Dojo,遇到了Githug,它们在变成方面给了我莫大的帮助。谢谢!
Author: [Weiming]
Created: 2016/7/6
To learn comprehensive and advanced Github skills, I started to try Githug. Let's crack some rocks!
Repository for Githug: githug repo
If you are stuck, you could refer to here.
This picture explicitly explans the relations among various operations: helpful picture.
1. init
Type git
in the shell to get a list of available git commands.git init
initializes a git repository under the current direcotry.
2. config
This level is about setting configurations such as your name and your email address to make your commit authenticate.
Type git help config
to get more information, and then you can config some of the variables, like user.name
and user.email
, as the following in the shell:git config [variables] [contents with quotes if necessary]
Or you can use git config --global user.name "bob"
Your changes could be reviewed in the config
file under directory ./.git/config
.
3. add
This level talks about adding new files to the staging area.
To add files to the staging area, you could do the followings:
git add .
# to add all the files in the current directory;git add README
# to add the specified file only
4. commit
To commit and record changes to the repository, run the following:git commit -m "Your message"
5. clone
git clone [target repository site]
6. clone_to_folder
git clone [target repository site] [target folder name]
7. ignore
The file .gitignore
is used to intentionally ignore specified files in the repository.
> cat .gitignore # show the content of .gitignore
> git help gitignore # see more guidance
> gvim .gitignore # to add your own files
If you change you .gitignore file, say you add some more files that you want them to be ignored, those files are still being tracked. Thus we need to untrack the newly ignored files first, and then make a new commit.git rm --cached <ignored files>
8. include
Use !
to negate a patern. Add the following to the .gitignore
file:
*.a
!lib.a
9. status
Type git status
to check the tracked and untracked files.
10. number of files committed
git status
11. rm
rm
is used to remove files from the working tree (namely the file disk) and from the index.
12. rm_cached
git rm --cached <files>
is used to unstage and remove paths only from the index. Working tree files, whether modified or not, will be left alone.
13. stash
git stash
is used to record the current state of the working directory and the index, but want to go back to a clean working directory. The command saves your local modifications away in a local stack, and reverts the working directory to match the HEAD commit.
For Chinese unauthorized explanation, refer to: Chinese version
14. rename
git mv -k <old file> <new file>
is used for this one.
15. restructure
First, you should commit the stage area because there are files in the working directory, if you check with git status
.
Then, you can use mkdir
and git mv -k <old files> ... <new directory>
to complete the task.
16. log
git log
shows the log info for recent commits.
17. tag
git tag new_tag
after you commit.
18. push_tags
Technically, this is easy to crack down, using git push --tags # note that push operation doesn't push tags by default
.
2016/7/6
However, for the last several levels and this current level included, I have to go through all the following steps again when entering a new level. I think it is because every level will automatically reset the git working space.
git config user.name "name"
git config user.email "email@server.com"
git commit -m "your message"
2016/7/8
The question above solved.
This is because at the level 2 when I was setting my user.name
and user.email
, I omitted the parameter --global
.
19. commit_amend
Sometims, after you have just make a commit, you find that some of the files are forgotten to be included to the staging area. Instead of make commit for a second time, we recommend:
git add <forgotten_files>
git commit --amend -m "amend forgotten files"
20. commit_in_future
You can specify the time of your commit, instead of using the current system time by doing `git commit -m "time machine" --date "2020-03-03 23:56"
21. reset
git reset # to reset the current HEAD to the specified state
git add <specified files>
22. reset_soft
git commit ...
git reset HEAD~1 --soft # 1
edit something # 2
git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD # 3
This is most often done when you remembered what you just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit message, or both. Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
Make corrections to working tree files.
"reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the commit by starting with its log message. If you do not need to edit the message further, you can give -c option instead.
23. checkout_file
git checkout <your file>
ignores the modifications of files in the working space.
24. remote
git remote
25. remote_url
git remote -v # for more information
26. pull
git pull <remote name> <branch name>
27. remote_add
git remote add <remote name> <url>
28. push
git status
git rebase
git push <remote name>
29. diff
git diff
shows the difference between two files.
30. blame
git blame <file name>
shows the info of each line
31. branch
git branch <new branch name>
32. checkout
git checkout -b <new branch name> # create and switch to the new branch
33. checkout_tag
git checkout <tag name>
34. checkout_tag_over_branch
git checkout tags/<tag name>
35. branch_at
git branch <new branch name> HEAD~1
creates a branch based on the last commit, rather than the latest commit.
36. delete_branch
git branch -d <old branch name>
37. push_branch
git remote
git branch --list --remote
git push <remote name> <new remote branch name>
38. merge
git merge <branch name>
39. fetch
git fetch
fetches branches and tags from one or more other repositories, along with the objects necessary to complete their histories.
40. rebase
The feature branch is ready to go into master, user rebase the feature branch onto our master branch.git rebase master feature
41. repack
repack
is used to combine all the objects that do not currently reside in a "pack", into a pack. A pack is a collection of objects, indicidually compressed, with delta compression applied, stored in a single file.
git repack -d # remove the redundant packs after packing
42. cherry-pick
Given one or more existing commits, apply the change each one introduces, recording a new commit for each. This requires your working tree to be clean.
git checkout new-feature
git log
git checkout master
git cherry-pick <the hash of the commit>
43. grep
git grep <your pattern>
print lines matching a pattern.
This is indeed a helpful tool !
44. rename_commit
Use rebase
to edit the message of a commitgit rebase -i HEAD~2 # HEAD~2 because the commit needing editing is the second last.
Then an interactive editor will open, and change pick
to reword
on the line you want to make changes. Save and quit. The shell will automatically run and ask for your change in a new window. Make changes and save. All done !
45. squash
Much of the same as the previous level.
The difference is changing pick
to squash
.
46. merge_squash
git merge --squash <branch name>
git commit -m 'all'
47. reorder
git rebase -i HEAD~3
48. bisect
bisect
users a binary search algorithm to find which commit in your project's history introduced a bug.
Worth of digging in
git bisect start
git bisect good
git bisect bad <hash of first commit>
.... # some output
git bisect good # well, I don't know why we should type good
.... # first bad commit found !
49. stage_lines
man git-add # another way to view helps for git add
In the interactive add mode, try patch
to selectively stage files.
50. find_old_branch
git reflog show <branch name>@{one.week.ago}
reflog
records when the tips of branches and references were updated in the local repository.
51. revert
git log
git revert <hash of commit>
Use that to delete one commit that has already been commited, but not pushed.
52. restore
Thanks to great help.
git fsck --lost-found # show your deleted commit in the dangling area
git reflog # also shows your deleted commit, in the form of a log
git merge <hash of the commit> # restore it
53. conflict
When you run into merge conflict after git merge <branch name>
, there are ways to resolve the conflict.
Most typically, edit the problematic file and then:
git add <editted file>
git commit -m "resole conflict"
to seal the deal.
54. submodule
Use git submodule add <target repository> [<target directory>]
to include the repo.
You can also check the include status by using git submodule status
.
55. contribute
More levels? Huh, to be continued ...
For more about Github
2016/7/9
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