使用opennlp进行词性标注

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本文主要研究下如何使用opennlp进行词性标注

POS Tagging

词性（Part of Speech, POS），标注是对一个词汇或一段文字进行描述的过程。这个描述被称为一个标注。

目前流行的中文词性标签有两大类：北大词性标注集和宾州词性标注集。现代汉语的词可以分为两类12种词性：一类是实词：名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词和代词；另一类是虚词：副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词和拟声词。

这块的技术大多数使用HMM（隐马尔科夫模型）+ Viterbi算法，最大熵算法（Maximum Entropy）。

OpenNLP里头可以使用POSTaggerME类来执行基本的标注，以及ChunkerME类来执行分块。

POSTaggerME

    public static POSModel trainPOSModel(ModelType type) throws IOException {
        TrainingParameters params = new TrainingParameters();
        params.put(TrainingParameters.ALGORITHM_PARAM, type.toString());
        params.put(TrainingParameters.ITERATIONS_PARAM, 100);
        params.put(TrainingParameters.CUTOFF_PARAM, 5);

        return POSTaggerME.train("eng", createSampleStream(), params,
                new POSTaggerFactory());
    }

    private static ObjectStream<POSSample> createSampleStream() throws IOException {
        InputStreamFactory in = new ResourceAsStreamFactory(POSTaggerMETest.class,
                "postag/AnnotatedSentences.txt");

        return new WordTagSampleStream(new PlainTextByLineStream(in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    }

    @Test
    public void testPOSTagger() throws IOException {
        POSModel posModel = trainPOSModel(ModelType.MAXENT);

        POSTagger tagger = new POSTaggerME(posModel);

        String[] tags = tagger.tag(new String[] {
                "The",
                "driver",
                "got",
                "badly",
                "injured",
                "."});

        Assert.assertEquals(6, tags.length);
        Assert.assertEquals("DT", tags[0]);
        Assert.assertEquals("NN", tags[1]);
        Assert.assertEquals("VBD", tags[2]);
        Assert.assertEquals("RB", tags[3]);
        Assert.assertEquals("VBN", tags[4]);
        Assert.assertEquals(".", tags[5]);
    }

这里首先进行模型训练，其中训练文本样式如下：

Last_JJ September_NNP ,_, I_PRP tried_VBD to_TO find_VB out_RP the_DT address_NN of_IN an_DT old_JJ school_NN friend_NN whom_WP I_PRP had_VBD not_RB seen_VBN for_IN 15_CD years_NNS ._.
I_PRP just_RB knew_VBD his_PRP$ name_NN ,_, Alan_NNP McKennedy_NNP ,_, and_CC I_PRP 'd_MD heard_VBD the_DT rumour_NN that_IN he_PRP 'd_MD moved_VBD to_TO Scotland_NNP ,_, the_DT country_NN of_IN his_PRP$ ancestors_NNS ._.
So_IN I_PRP called_VBD Julie_NNP ,_, a_DT friend_NN who's_WDT still_RB in_IN contact_NN with_IN him_PRP ._.
She_PRP told_VBD me_PRP that_IN he_PRP lived_VBD in_IN 23213_CD Edinburgh_NNP ,_, Worcesterstreet_NNP 12_CD ._.
I_PRP wrote_VBD him_PRP a_DT letter_NN right_RB away_RB and_CC he_PRP answered_VBD soon_RB ,_, sounding_VBG very_RB happy_JJ and_CC delighted_JJ ._.

标注说明：

• DT(Determiner)
• NN (Noun, singular or mass)
• VBD (Verb, past tense)
• RB (Adverb )
• VBN (Verb, past participle)

ChunkerME

    private Chunker chunker;

    private static String[] toks1 = { "Rockwell", "said", "the", "agreement", "calls", "for",
            "it", "to", "supply", "200", "additional", "so-called", "shipsets",
            "for", "the", "planes", "." };

    private static String[] tags1 = { "NNP", "VBD", "DT", "NN", "VBZ", "IN", "PRP", "TO", "VB",
            "CD", "JJ", "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "DT", "NNS", "." };

    private static String[] expect1 = { "B-NP", "B-VP", "B-NP", "I-NP", "B-VP", "B-SBAR",
            "B-NP", "B-VP", "I-VP", "B-NP", "I-NP", "I-NP", "I-NP", "B-PP", "B-NP",
            "I-NP", "O" };

    @Before
    public void startup() throws IOException {
        ResourceAsStreamFactory in = new ResourceAsStreamFactory(getClass(),
                "chunker/test.txt");

        ObjectStream<ChunkSample> sampleStream = new ChunkSampleStream(
                new PlainTextByLineStream(in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

        TrainingParameters params = new TrainingParameters();
        params.put(TrainingParameters.ITERATIONS_PARAM, 70);
        params.put(TrainingParameters.CUTOFF_PARAM, 1);

        ChunkerModel chunkerModel = ChunkerME.train("eng", sampleStream, params, new ChunkerFactory());

        this.chunker = new ChunkerME(chunkerModel);
    }

    @Test
    public void testChunkAsArray() throws Exception {

        String[] preds = chunker.chunk(toks1, tags1);

        Assert.assertArrayEquals(expect1, preds);
    }

这里同样也进行了模型训练，其训练文本样式如下：

Rockwell NNP B-NP
International NNP I-NP
Corp. NNP I-NP
's POS B-NP
Tulsa NNP I-NP
unit NN I-NP
said VBD B-VP
it PRP B-NP
signed VBD B-VP
a DT B-NP
tentative JJ I-NP
agreement NN I-NP
extending VBG B-VP
its PRP$ B-NP
contract NN I-NP
with IN B-PP
Boeing NNP B-NP
Co. NNP I-NP
to TO B-VP
provide VB I-VP
structural JJ B-NP
parts NNS I-NP
for IN B-PP
Boeing NNP B-NP
's POS B-NP
747 CD I-NP
jetliners NNS I-NP

标注说明：

• B 标注开始
• I 标注的中间
• E 标注的结束
• NP 名词块
• VB 动词块

小结

本文初步展示了如何使用opennlp进行词性标注，模型训练是个比较重要的一个方面，可以通过特定训练提高特定领域文本的标注准确性。

doc

• NLP汉语自然语言处理原理与实践
• Penn Part of Speech Tags