前言
在上文Nginx+Tomcat关于Session的管理中简单介绍了如何使用redis来集中管理session,本文首先将介绍默认的管理器是如何管理Session的生命周期的,然后在此基础上对Redis集中式管理Session进行分析。
Tomcat Manager介绍
上文中在Tomcat的context.xml中配置了Session管理器RedisSessionManager,实现了通过redis来存储session的功能;Tomcat本身提供了多种Session管理器,如下类图:
1.Manager接口类
定义了用来管理session的基本接口,包括:createSession,findSession,add,remove等对session操作的方法;还有getMaxActive,setMaxActive,getActiveSessions活跃会话的管理;还有Session有效期的接口;以及与Container相关联的接口;
2.ManagerBase抽象类
实现了Manager接口,提供了基本的功能,使用ConcurrentHashMap存放session,提供了对session的create,find,add,remove功能,并且在createSession中了使用类SessionIdGenerator来生成会话id,作为session的唯一标识;
3.ClusterManager接口类
实现了Manager接口,集群session的管理器,Tomcat内置的集群服务器之间的session复制功能;
4.ClusterManagerBase抽象类
继承了ManagerBase抽象类,实现ClusterManager接口类,实现session复制基本功能;
5.PersistentManagerBase抽象类
继承了ManagerBase抽象类,实现了session管理器持久化的基本功能;内部有一个Store存储类,具体实现有:FileStore和JDBCStore;
6.StandardManager类
继承ManagerBase抽象类,Tomcat默认的Session管理器(单机版);对session提供了持久化功能,tomcat关闭的时候会将session保存到javax.servlet.context.tempdir路径下的SESSIONS.ser文件中,启动的时候会从此文件中加载session;
7.PersistentManager类
继承PersistentManagerBase抽象类,如果session空闲时间过长,将空闲session转换为存储,所以在findsession时会首先从内存中获取session,获取不到会多一步到store中获取,这也是PersistentManager类和StandardManager类的区别;
8.DeltaManager类
继承ClusterManagerBase,每一个节点session发生变更(增删改),都会通知其他所有节点,其他所有节点进行更新操作,任何一个session在每个节点都有备份;
9.BackupManager类
继承ClusterManagerBase,会话数据只有一个备份节点,这个备份节点的位置集群中所有节点都可见;相比较DeltaManager数据传输量较小,当集群规模比较大时DeltaManager的数据传输量会非常大;
10.RedisSessionManager类
继承ManagerBase抽象类,非Tomcat内置的管理器,使用redis集中存储session,省去了节点之间的session复制,依赖redis的可靠性,比起sessin复制扩展性更好;
Session的生命周期
1.解析获取requestedSessionId
当我们在类中通过request.getSession()时,tomcat是如何处理的,可以查看Request中的doGetSession方法:
protected Session doGetSession(boolean create) {
// There cannot be a session if no context has been assigned yet
Context context = getContext();
if (context == null) {
return (null);
}
// Return the current session if it exists and is valid
if ((session != null) && !session.isValid()) {
session = null;
}
if (session != null) {
return (session);
}
// Return the requested session if it exists and is valid
Manager manager = context.getManager();
if (manager == null) {
return null; // Sessions are not supported
}
if (requestedSessionId != null) {
try {
session = manager.findSession(requestedSessionId);
} catch (IOException e) {
session = null;
}
if ((session != null) && !session.isValid()) {
session = null;
}
if (session != null) {
session.access();
return (session);
}
}
// Create a new session if requested and the response is not committed
if (!create) {
return (null);
}
if ((response != null) &&
context.getServletContext().getEffectiveSessionTrackingModes().
contains(SessionTrackingMode.COOKIE) &&
response.getResponse().isCommitted()) {
throw new IllegalStateException
(sm.getString("coyoteRequest.sessionCreateCommitted"));
}
// Re-use session IDs provided by the client in very limited
// circumstances.
String sessionId = getRequestedSessionId();
if (requestedSessionSSL) {
// If the session ID has been obtained from the SSL handshake then
// use it.
} else if (("/".equals(context.getSessionCookiePath())
&& isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie())) {
/* This is the common(ish) use case: using the same session ID with
* multiple web applications on the same host. Typically this is
* used by Portlet implementations. It only works if sessions are
* tracked via cookies. The cookie must have a path of "/" else it
* won't be provided for requests to all web applications.
*
* Any session ID provided by the client should be for a session
* that already exists somewhere on the host. Check if the context
* is configured for this to be confirmed.
*/
if (context.getValidateClientProvidedNewSessionId()) {
boolean found = false;
for (Container container : getHost().findChildren()) {
Manager m = ((Context) container).getManager();
if (m != null) {
try {
if (m.findSession(sessionId) != null) {
found = true;
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
// Ignore. Problems with this manager will be
// handled elsewhere.
}
}
}
if (!found) {
sessionId = null;
}
}
} else {
sessionId = null;
}
session = manager.createSession(sessionId);
// Creating a new session cookie based on that session
if ((session != null) && (getContext() != null)
&& getContext().getServletContext().
getEffectiveSessionTrackingModes().contains(
SessionTrackingMode.COOKIE)) {
Cookie cookie =
ApplicationSessionCookieConfig.createSessionCookie(
context, session.getIdInternal(), isSecure());
response.addSessionCookieInternal(cookie);
}
if (session == null) {
return null;
}
session.access();
return session;
}
如果session已经存在,则直接返回;如果不存在则判定requestedSessionId是否为空,如果不为空则通过requestedSessionId到Session manager中获取session,如果为空,并且不是创建session操作,直接返回null;否则会调用Session manager创建一个新的session;
关于requestedSessionId是如何获取的,Tomcat内部可以支持从cookie和url中获取,具体可以查看CoyoteAdapter类的postParseRequest方法部分代码:
String sessionID;
if (request.getServletContext().getEffectiveSessionTrackingModes()
.contains(SessionTrackingMode.URL)) {
// Get the session ID if there was one
sessionID = request.getPathParameter(
SessionConfig.getSessionUriParamName(
request.getContext()));
if (sessionID != null) {
request.setRequestedSessionId(sessionID);
request.setRequestedSessionURL(true);
}
}
// Look for session ID in cookies and SSL session
parseSessionCookiesId(req, request);
可以发现首先去url解析sessionId,如果获取不到则去cookie中获取,此处的SessionUriParamName=jsessionid;在cookie被浏览器禁用的情况下,我们可以看到url后面跟着参数jsessionid=xxxxxx;下面看一下parseSessionCookiesId方法:
String sessionCookieName = SessionConfig.getSessionCookieName(context);
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
ServerCookie scookie = serverCookies.getCookie(i);
if (scookie.getName().equals(sessionCookieName)) {
// Override anything requested in the URL
if (!request.isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie()) {
// Accept only the first session id cookie
convertMB(scookie.getValue());
request.setRequestedSessionId
(scookie.getValue().toString());
request.setRequestedSessionCookie(true);
request.setRequestedSessionURL(false);
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug(" Requested cookie session id is " +
request.getRequestedSessionId());
}
} else {
if (!request.isRequestedSessionIdValid()) {
// Replace the session id until one is valid
convertMB(scookie.getValue());
request.setRequestedSessionId
(scookie.getValue().toString());
}
}
}
}
sessionCookieName也是jsessionid,然后遍历cookie,从里面找出name=jsessionid的值赋值给request的requestedSessionId属性;
2.findSession查询session
获取到requestedSessionId之后,会通过此id去session Manager中获取session,不同的管理器获取的方式不一样,已默认的StandardManager为例:
protected Map<String, Session> sessions = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Session>();
public Session findSession(String id) throws IOException {
if (id == null) {
return null;
}
return sessions.get(id);
}
3.createSession创建session
没有获取到session,指定了create=true,则创建session,已默认的StandardManager为例:
public Session createSession(String sessionId) {
if ((maxActiveSessions >= 0) &&
(getActiveSessions() >= maxActiveSessions)) {
rejectedSessions++;
throw new TooManyActiveSessionsException(
sm.getString("managerBase.createSession.ise"),
maxActiveSessions);
}
// Recycle or create a Session instance
Session session = createEmptySession();
// Initialize the properties of the new session and return it
session.setNew(true);
session.setValid(true);
session.setCreationTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
session.setMaxInactiveInterval(((Context) getContainer()).getSessionTimeout() * 60);
String id = sessionId;
if (id == null) {
id = generateSessionId();
}
session.setId(id);
sessionCounter++;
SessionTiming timing = new SessionTiming(session.getCreationTime(), 0);
synchronized (sessionCreationTiming) {
sessionCreationTiming.add(timing);
sessionCreationTiming.poll();
}
return (session);
}
如果传的sessionId为空,tomcat会生成一个唯一的sessionId,具体可以参考类StandardSessionIdGenerator的generateSessionId方法;这里发现创建完session之后并没有把session放入ConcurrentHashMap中,其实在session.setId(id)中处理了,具体代码如下:
public void setId(String id, boolean notify) {
if ((this.id != null) && (manager != null))
manager.remove(this);
this.id = id;
if (manager != null)
manager.add(this);
if (notify) {
tellNew();
}
}
4.销毁Session
Tomcat会定期检测出不活跃的session,然后将其删除,一方面session占用内存,另一方面是安全性的考虑;启动tomcat的同时会启动一个后台线程用来检测过期的session,具体可以查看ContainerBase的内部类ContainerBackgroundProcessor:
protected class ContainerBackgroundProcessor implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
Throwable t = null;
String unexpectedDeathMessage = sm.getString(
"containerBase.backgroundProcess.unexpectedThreadDeath",
Thread.currentThread().getName());
try {
while (!threadDone) {
try {
Thread.sleep(backgroundProcessorDelay * 1000L);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Ignore
}
if (!threadDone) {
Container parent = (Container) getMappingObject();
ClassLoader cl =
Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (parent.getLoader() != null) {
cl = parent.getLoader().getClassLoader();
}
processChildren(parent, cl);
}
}
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
t = e;
throw e;
} catch (Error e) {
t = e;
throw e;
} finally {
if (!threadDone) {
log.error(unexpectedDeathMessage, t);
}
}
}
protected void processChildren(Container container, ClassLoader cl) {
try {
if (container.getLoader() != null) {
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader
(container.getLoader().getClassLoader());
}
container.backgroundProcess();
} catch (Throwable t) {
ExceptionUtils.handleThrowable(t);
log.error("Exception invoking periodic operation: ", t);
} finally {
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(cl);
}
Container[] children = container.findChildren();
for (int i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
if (children[i].getBackgroundProcessorDelay() <= 0) {
processChildren(children[i], cl);
}
}
}
}
backgroundProcessorDelay默认值是10,也就是每10秒检测一次,然后调用Container的backgroundProcess方法,此方法又调用Manager里面的backgroundProcess:
public void backgroundProcess() {
count = (count + 1) % processExpiresFrequency;
if (count == 0)
processExpires();
}
/**
* Invalidate all sessions that have expired.
*/
public void processExpires() {
long timeNow = System.currentTimeMillis();
Session sessions[] = findSessions();
int expireHere = 0 ;
if(log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Start expire sessions " + getName() + " at " + timeNow + " sessioncount " + sessions.length);
for (int i = 0; i < sessions.length; i++) {
if (sessions[i]!=null && !sessions[i].isValid()) {
expireHere++;
}
}
long timeEnd = System.currentTimeMillis();
if(log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("End expire sessions " + getName() + " processingTime " + (timeEnd - timeNow) + " expired sessions: " + expireHere);
processingTime += ( timeEnd - timeNow );
}
processExpiresFrequency默认值是6,那其实最后就是6*10=60秒执行一次processExpires,具体如何检测过期在session的isValid方法中:
public boolean isValid() {
if (!this.isValid) {
return false;
}
if (this.expiring) {
return true;
}
if (ACTIVITY_CHECK && accessCount.get() > 0) {
return true;
}
if (maxInactiveInterval > 0) {
long timeNow = System.currentTimeMillis();
int timeIdle;
if (LAST_ACCESS_AT_START) {
timeIdle = (int) ((timeNow - lastAccessedTime) / 1000L);
} else {
timeIdle = (int) ((timeNow - thisAccessedTime) / 1000L);
}
if (timeIdle >= maxInactiveInterval) {
expire(true);
}
}
return this.isValid;
}
主要是通过对比当前时间到上次活跃的时间是否超过了maxInactiveInterval,如果超过了就做expire处理;
Redis集中式管理Session分析
在上文中使用tomcat-redis-session-manager来管理session,下面来分析一下是如果通过redis来集中式管理Session的;围绕session如何获取,如何创建,何时更新到redis,以及何时被移除;
1.如何获取
RedisSessionManager重写了findSession方法
public Session findSession(String id) throws IOException {
RedisSession session = null;
if (null == id) {
currentSessionIsPersisted.set(false);
currentSession.set(null);
currentSessionSerializationMetadata.set(null);
currentSessionId.set(null);
} else if (id.equals(currentSessionId.get())) {
session = currentSession.get();
} else {
byte[] data = loadSessionDataFromRedis(id);
if (data != null) {
DeserializedSessionContainer container = sessionFromSerializedData(id, data);
session = container.session;
currentSession.set(session);
currentSessionSerializationMetadata.set(container.metadata);
currentSessionIsPersisted.set(true);
currentSessionId.set(id);
} else {
currentSessionIsPersisted.set(false);
currentSession.set(null);
currentSessionSerializationMetadata.set(null);
currentSessionId.set(null);
}
}
sessionId不为空的情况下,会先比较sessionId是否等于currentSessionId中的sessionId,如果等于则从currentSession中取出session,currentSessionId和currentSession都是ThreadLocal变量,这里并没有直接从redis里面取数据,如果同一线程没有去处理其他用户信息,是可以直接从内存中取出的,提高了性能;最后才从redis里面获取数据,从redis里面获取的是一段二进制数据,需要进行反序列化操作,相关序列化和反序列化都在JavaSerializer类中:
public void deserializeInto(byte[] data, RedisSession session, SessionSerializationMetadata metadata)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data));
Throwable arg4 = null;
try {
CustomObjectInputStream x2 = new CustomObjectInputStream(bis, this.loader);
Throwable arg6 = null;
try {
SessionSerializationMetadata x21 = (SessionSerializationMetadata) x2.readObject();
metadata.copyFieldsFrom(x21);
session.readObjectData(x2);
} catch (Throwable arg29) {
......
}
二进制数据中保存了2个对象,分别是SessionSerializationMetadata和RedisSession,SessionSerializationMetadata里面保存的是Session中的attributes信息,RedisSession其实也有attributes数据,相当于这份数据保存了2份;
2.如何创建
同样RedisSessionManager重写了createSession方法,2个重要的点分别:sessionId的唯一性问题和session保存到redis中;
// Ensure generation of a unique session identifier.
if (null != requestedSessionId) {
sessionId = sessionIdWithJvmRoute(requestedSessionId, jvmRoute);
if (jedis.setnx(sessionId.getBytes(), NULL_SESSION) == 0L) {
sessionId = null;
}
} else {
do {
sessionId = sessionIdWithJvmRoute(generateSessionId(), jvmRoute);
} while (jedis.setnx(sessionId.getBytes(), NULL_SESSION) == 0L); // 1 = key set; 0 = key already existed
}
分布式环境下有可能出现生成的sessionId相同的情况,所以需要确保唯一性;保存session到redis中是最核心的一个方法,何时更新,何时过期都在此方法中处理;
3.何时更新到redis
具体看saveInternal方法
protected boolean saveInternal(Jedis jedis, Session session, boolean forceSave) throws IOException {
Boolean error = true;
try {
log.trace("Saving session " + session + " into Redis");
RedisSession redisSession = (RedisSession)session;
if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
log.trace("Session Contents [" + redisSession.getId() + "]:");
Enumeration en = redisSession.getAttributeNames();
while(en.hasMoreElements()) {
log.trace(" " + en.nextElement());
}
}
byte[] binaryId = redisSession.getId().getBytes();
Boolean isCurrentSessionPersisted;
SessionSerializationMetadata sessionSerializationMetadata = currentSessionSerializationMetadata.get();
byte[] originalSessionAttributesHash = sessionSerializationMetadata.getSessionAttributesHash();
byte[] sessionAttributesHash = null;
if (
forceSave
|| redisSession.isDirty()
|| null == (isCurrentSessionPersisted = this.currentSessionIsPersisted.get())
|| !isCurrentSessionPersisted
|| !Arrays.equals(originalSessionAttributesHash, (sessionAttributesHash = serializer.attributesHashFrom(redisSession)))
) {
log.trace("Save was determined to be necessary");
if (null == sessionAttributesHash) {
sessionAttributesHash = serializer.attributesHashFrom(redisSession);
}
SessionSerializationMetadata updatedSerializationMetadata = new SessionSerializationMetadata();
updatedSerializationMetadata.setSessionAttributesHash(sessionAttributesHash);
jedis.set(binaryId, serializer.serializeFrom(redisSession, updatedSerializationMetadata));
redisSession.resetDirtyTracking();
currentSessionSerializationMetadata.set(updatedSerializationMetadata);
currentSessionIsPersisted.set(true);
} else {
log.trace("Save was determined to be unnecessary");
}
log.trace("Setting expire timeout on session [" + redisSession.getId() + "] to " + getMaxInactiveInterval());
jedis.expire(binaryId, getMaxInactiveInterval());
error = false;
return error;
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error(e.getMessage());
throw e;
} finally {
return error;
}
}
以上方法中大致有5中情况下需要保存数据到redis中,分别是:forceSave,redisSession.isDirty(),null == (isCurrentSessionPersisted = this.currentSessionIsPersisted.get()),!isCurrentSessionPersisted以及!Arrays.equals(originalSessionAttributesHash, (sessionAttributesHash = serializer.attributesHashFrom(redisSession)))其中一个为true的情况下保存数据到reids中;
3.1重点看一下forceSave,可以理解forceSave就是内置保存策略的一个标识,提供了三种内置保存策略:DEFAULT,SAVE_ON_CHANGE,ALWAYS_SAVE_AFTER_REQUEST
DEFAULT:默认保存策略,依赖其他四种情况保存session,
SAVE_ON_CHANGE:每次session.setAttribute()、session.removeAttribute()触发都会保存,
ALWAYS_SAVE_AFTER_REQUEST:每一个request请求后都强制保存,无论是否检测到变化;
3.2redisSession.isDirty()检测session内部是否有脏数据
public Boolean isDirty() {
return Boolean.valueOf(this.dirty.booleanValue() || !this.changedAttributes.isEmpty());
}
每一个request请求后检测是否有脏数据,有脏数据才保存,实时性没有SAVE_ON_CHANGE高,但是也没有ALWAYS_SAVE_AFTER_REQUEST来的粗暴;
3.3后面三种情况都是用来检测三个ThreadLocal变量;
4.何时被移除
上一节中介绍了Tomcat内置看定期检测session是否过期,ManagerBase中提供了processExpires方法来处理session过去的问题,但是在RedisSessionManager重写了此方法
public void processExpires() {
}
直接不做处理了,具体是利用了redis的设置生存时间功能,具体在saveInternal方法中:
jedis.expire(binaryId, getMaxInactiveInterval());
总结
本文大致分析了Tomcat Session管理器,以及tomcat-redis-session-manager是如何进行session集中式管理的,但是此工具完全依赖tomcat容器,如果想完全独立于应用服务器的方案,
Spring session是一个不错的选择。
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