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发送邮件几乎是软件系统中必不可少的功能,在Asp.Net Core 中我们可以使用MailKit发送邮件,MailKit发送邮件比较简单,网上有许多可以参考的文章,但是应该注意附件名长度,和附件名不能出现中文的问题,如果你遇到了这样的问题可以参考我之前写的这篇博客Asp.Net Core MailKit 完美附件(中文名、长文件名)

在我们简单搜索网络,并成功解决了附件的问题之后,我们已经能够发送邮件啦!不过另一个问题显现出来——发送邮件太慢了,没错,在我使用QQ邮箱发送时,单封邮件发送大概要用1.5秒左右,用户可能难以忍受请求发生1.5秒的延迟。

所以,我们必须解决这个问题,我们的解决办法就是使用邮件队列来发送邮件

设计邮件队列

Ok, 第一步就是规划我们的邮件队列有什么

EmailOptions

我们得有一个邮件Options类,来存储邮件相关的选项

/// <summary>
/// 邮件选项
/// </summary>
public class EmailOptions
{
    public bool DisableOAuth { get; set; }
    public string DisplayName { get; set; }
    public string Host { get; set; } // 邮件主机地址
    public string Password { get; set; }
    public int Port { get; set; }
    public string UserName { get; set; }
    public int SleepInterval { get; set; } = 3000;
    ...

SleepInterval 是睡眠间隔,因为目前我们实现的队列是进程内的独立线程,发送器会循环读取队列,当队列是空的时候,我们应该让线程休息一会,不然无限循环会消耗大量CPU资源

然后我们还需要的就是 一个用于存储邮件的队列,或者叫队列提供器,总之我们要将邮件存储起来。以及一个发送器,发送器不断的从队列中读取邮件并发送。还需要一个邮件写入工具,想要发送邮件的代码使用写入工具将邮件转储到队列中。

那么我们设计的邮件队列事实上就有了三个部分:

  • 队列存储提供器(邮件的事实存储)
  • 邮件发送机 (不断读取队列中的邮件,并发送)
  • 邮件服务 (想法送邮件时,调用邮件服务,邮件服务会将邮件写入队列)

队列存储提供器设计

那么我们设计的邮件队列提供器接口如下:

public interface IMailQueueProvider
{
    void Enqueue(MailBox mailBox);
    bool TryDequeue(out MailBox mailBox);
    int Count { get; }
    bool IsEmpty { get; }
    ...

四个方法,入队、出队、队列剩余邮件数量、队列是否是空,我们对队列的基本需求就是这样。

MailBox是对邮件的封装,并不复杂,稍后会介绍到

邮件服务设计

public interface IMailQueueService
{
    void Enqueue(MailBox box);

对于想要发送邮件的组件或者代码部分来讲,只需要将邮件入队,这就足够了

邮件发送机(兼邮件队列管理器)设计

public interface IMailQueueManager
{
    void Run();
    void Stop();
    bool IsRunning { get; }
    int Count { get; }
    

启动队列,停止队列,队列运行中状态,邮件计数

现在,三个主要部分就设计好了,我们先看下MailBox,接下来就去实现这三个接口

MailBox

MailBox 如下:

public class MailBox
{
    public IEnumerable<IAttachment> Attachments { get; set; }
    public string Body { get; set; }
    public IEnumerable<string> Cc { get; set; }
    public bool IsHtml { get; set; }
    public string Subject { get; set; }
    public IEnumerable<string> To { get; set; }
    ...

这里面没什么特殊的,大家一看便能理解,除了IEnumerable<IAttachment> Attachments { get; set; }

附件的处理

在发送邮件中最复杂的就是附件了,因为附件体积大,往往还涉及非托管资源(例如:文件),所以附件处理一定要小心,避免留下漏洞和bug。

在MailKit中附件实际上是流Stream,例如下面的代码:

attachment = new MimePart(contentType)
{
    Content = new MimeContent(fs),
    ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment),
    ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64,
};

其中new MimeContent(fs)是创建的Content,fs是Stream,MimeContent的构造函数如下:

public MimeContent(Stream stream, ContentEncoding encoding = ContentEncoding.Default)

所以我们的设计的附件是基于Stream的。

一般情况附件是磁盘上的文件,或者内存流MemoryStream或者 byte[]数据。附件需要实际的文件的流Stream和一个附件名,所以附件接口设计如下:

public interface IAttachment : IDisposable
{
    Stream GetFileStream();
    string GetName();

那么我们默认实现了两中附件类型 物理文件附件内存文件附件,byte[]数据可以轻松的转换成 内存流,所以没有写这种

MemoryStreamAttechment

public class MemoryStreamAttechment : IAttachment
{
    private readonly MemoryStream _stream;
    private readonly string _fileName;
    public MemoryStreamAttechment(MemoryStream stream, string fileName)
    {
        _stream = stream;
        _fileName = fileName;
    }

    public void Dispose()
        => _stream.Dispose();

    public Stream GetFileStream()
        => _stream;

    public string GetName()
        => _fileName;

内存流附件实现要求在创建时传递一个 MemoryStream和附件名称,比较简单

物理文件附件

public class PhysicalFileAttachment : IAttachment
{
    public PhysicalFileAttachment(string absolutePath)
    {
        if (!File.Exists(absolutePath))
        {
            throw new FileNotFoundException("文件未找到", absolutePath);
        }
        AbsolutePath = absolutePath;
    }

    private FileStream _stream;
    public string AbsolutePath { get; }
    public void Dispose()
    {
        _stream.Dispose();
    }

    public Stream GetFileStream()
    {
        if (_stream == null)
        {
            _stream = new FileStream(AbsolutePath, FileMode.Open);
        }
        return _stream;
    }

    public string GetName()
    {
        return System.IO.Path.GetFileName(AbsolutePath);
    ...
    

这里,我们要注意的是创建FileStream的时机,是在请求GetFileStream方法时,而不是构造函数中,因为创建FileStreamFileStream会占用文件,如果我们发两封邮件使用了同一个附件,那么会抛出异常。而写在GetFileStream方法中相对比较安全(除非发送器是并行的)

实现邮件队列

在我们这篇文章中,我们实现的队列提供器是基于内存的,日后呢我们还可以实现其它的基于其它存储模式的,比如数据库,外部持久性队列等等,另外基于内存的实现不是持久的,一旦程序崩溃。未发出的邮件就会boom然后消失 XD...

邮件队列提供器IMailQueueProvider实现

代码如下:

public class MailQueueProvider : IMailQueueProvider
{
    private static readonly ConcurrentQueue<MailBox> _mailQueue = new ConcurrentQueue<MailBox>();
    public int Count => _mailQueue.Count;
    public bool IsEmpty => _mailQueue.IsEmpty;
    public void Enqueue(MailBox mailBox)
    {
        _mailQueue.Enqueue(mailBox);
    }
    public bool TryDequeue(out MailBox mailBox)
    {
        return _mailQueue.TryDequeue(out mailBox);
    }

本文的实现是一个 ConcurrentQueue<T> ,这是为了避免资源竞争带来问题,写入队列和出队不在同一个线程中

邮件服务IMailQueueService实现

代码如下:

public class MailQueueService : IMailQueueService
{
    private readonly IMailQueueProvider _provider;

    /// <summary>
    /// 初始化实例
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="provider"></param>
    public MailQueueService(IMailQueueProvider provider)
    {
        _provider = provider;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 入队
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="box"></param>
    public void Enqueue(MailBox box)
    {
        _provider.Enqueue(box);
    }
    

这里,我们的服务依赖于IMailQueueProvider,使用了其入队功能

邮件发送机IMailQueueManager实现

这个相对比较复杂,我们先看下完整的类,再逐步解释:

public class MailQueueManager : IMailQueueManager
{
    private readonly SmtpClient _client;
    private readonly IMailQueueProvider _provider;
    private readonly ILogger<MailQueueManager> _logger;
    private readonly EmailOptions _options;
    private bool _isRunning = false;
    private bool _tryStop = false;
    private Thread _thread;

    /// <summary>
    /// 初始化实例
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="provider"></param>
    /// <param name="options"></param>
    /// <param name="logger"></param>
    public MailQueueManager(IMailQueueProvider provider, IOptions<EmailOptions> options, ILogger<MailQueueManager> logger)
    {
        _options = options.Value;

        _client = new SmtpClient
        {
            // For demo-purposes, accept all SSL certificates (in case the server supports STARTTLS)
            ServerCertificateValidationCallback = (s, c, h, e) => true
        };

        // Note: since we don't have an OAuth2 token, disable
        // the XOAUTH2 authentication mechanism.

        if (_options.DisableOAuth)
        {
            _client.AuthenticationMechanisms.Remove("XOAUTH2");
        }

        _provider = provider;
        _logger = logger;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 正在运行
    /// </summary>
    public bool IsRunning => _isRunning;

    /// <summary>
    /// 计数
    /// </summary>
    public int Count => _provider.Count;

    /// <summary>
    /// 启动队列
    /// </summary>
    public void Run()
    {
        if (_isRunning || (_thread != null && _thread.IsAlive))
        {
            _logger.LogWarning("已经运行,又被启动了,新线程启动已经取消");
            return;
        }
        _isRunning = true;
        _thread = new Thread(StartSendMail)
        {
            Name = "PmpEmailQueue",
            IsBackground = true,
        };
        _logger.LogInformation("线程即将启动");
        _thread.Start();
        _logger.LogInformation("线程已经启动,线程Id是:{0}", _thread.ManagedThreadId);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// 停止队列
    /// </summary>
    public void Stop()
    {
        if (_tryStop)
        {
            return;
        }
        _tryStop = true;
    }

    private void StartSendMail()
    {
        var sw = new Stopwatch();
        try
        {
            while (true)
            {
                if (_tryStop)
                {
                    break;
                }

                if (_provider.IsEmpty)
                {
                    _logger.LogTrace("队列是空,开始睡眠");
                    Thread.Sleep(_options.SleepInterval);
                    continue;
                }
                if (_provider.TryDequeue(out MailBox box))
                {
                    _logger.LogInformation("开始发送邮件 标题:{0},收件人 {1}", box.Subject, box.To.First());
                    sw.Restart();
                    SendMail(box);
                    sw.Stop();
                    _logger.LogInformation("发送邮件结束标题:{0},收件人 {1},耗时{2}", box.Subject, box.To.First(), sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "循环中出错,线程即将结束");
            _isRunning = false;
        }

        _logger.LogInformation("邮件发送线程即将停止,人为跳出循环,没有异常发生");
        _tryStop = false;
        _isRunning = false;
    }

    private void SendMail(MailBox box)
    {
        if (box == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(box));
        }

        try
        {
            MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box);
            SendMail(message);
        }
        catch (Exception exception)
        {
            _logger.LogError(exception, "发送邮件发生异常主题:{0},收件人:{1}", box.Subject, box.To.First());
        }
        finally
        {
            if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any())
            {
                foreach (var item in box.Attachments)
                {
                    item.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private MimeMessage ConvertToMimeMessage(MailBox box)
    {
        var message = new MimeMessage();

        var from = InternetAddress.Parse(_options.UserName);
        from.Name = _options.DisplayName;

        message.From.Add(from);
        if (!box.To.Any())
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("to必须含有值");
        }
        message.To.AddRange(box.To.Convert());
        if (box.Cc != null && box.Cc.Any())
        {
            message.Cc.AddRange(box.Cc.Convert());
        }

        message.Subject = box.Subject;

        var builder = new BodyBuilder();

        if (box.IsHtml)
        {
            builder.HtmlBody = box.Body;
        }
        else
        {
            builder.TextBody = box.Body;
        }

        if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any())
        {
            foreach (var item in GetAttechments(box.Attachments))
            {
                builder.Attachments.Add(item);
            }
        }

        message.Body = builder.ToMessageBody();
        return message;
    }

    private void SendMail(MimeMessage message)
    {
        if (message == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message));
        }

        try
        {
            _client.Connect(_options.Host, _options.Port, false);
            // Note: only needed if the SMTP server requires authentication
            if (!_client.IsAuthenticated)
            {
                _client.Authenticate(_options.UserName, _options.Password);
            }
            _client.Send(message);
        }
        finally
        {
            _client.Disconnect(false);
        }
    }

    private AttachmentCollection GetAttechments(IEnumerable<IAttachment> attachments)
    {
        if (attachments == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(attachments));
        }

        AttachmentCollection collection = new AttachmentCollection();
        List<Stream> list = new List<Stream>(attachments.Count());

        foreach (var item in attachments)
        {
            var fileName = item.GetName();
            var fileType = MimeTypes.GetMimeType(fileName);
            var contentTypeArr = fileType.Split('/');
            var contentType = new ContentType(contentTypeArr[0], contentTypeArr[1]);
            MimePart attachment = null;
            Stream fs = null;
            try
            {
                fs = item.GetFileStream();
                list.Add(fs);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex, "读取文件流发生异常");
                fs?.Dispose();
                continue;
            }

            attachment = new MimePart(contentType)
            {
                Content = new MimeContent(fs),
                ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment),
                ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64,
            };

            var charset = "UTF-8";
            attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName);
            attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName);

            foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters)
            {
                param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
            }

            foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters)
            {
                param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
            }

            collection.Add(attachment);
        }
        return collection;
    }
}

在构造函数中请求了另外三个服务,并且初始化了SmtpClient(这是MailKit中的)

    public MailQueueManager(
        IMailQueueProvider provider, 
        IOptions<EmailOptions> options, 
        ILogger<MailQueueManager> logger)
    {
        _options = options.Value;

        _client = new SmtpClient
        {
            // For demo-purposes, accept all SSL certificates (in case the server supports STARTTLS)
            ServerCertificateValidationCallback = (s, c, h, e) => true
        };

        // Note: since we don't have an OAuth2 token, disable
        // the XOAUTH2 authentication mechanism.

        if (_options.DisableOAuth)
        {
            _client.AuthenticationMechanisms.Remove("XOAUTH2");
        }

        _provider = provider;
        _logger = logger;
    }

启动队列时创建了新的线程,并且将线程句柄保存起来:

    public void Run()
    {
        if (_isRunning || (_thread != null && _thread.IsAlive))
        {
            _logger.LogWarning("已经运行,又被启动了,新线程启动已经取消");
            return;
        }
        _isRunning = true;
        _thread = new Thread(StartSendMail)
        {
            Name = "PmpEmailQueue",
            IsBackground = true,
        };
        _logger.LogInformation("线程即将启动");
        _thread.Start();
        _logger.LogInformation("线程已经启动,线程Id是:{0}", _thread.ManagedThreadId);
    }

线程启动时运行了方法StartSendMail

    private void StartSendMail()
    {
        var sw = new Stopwatch();
        try
        {
            while (true)
            {
                if (_tryStop)
                {
                    break;
                }

                if (_provider.IsEmpty)
                {
                    _logger.LogTrace("队列是空,开始睡眠");
                    Thread.Sleep(_options.SleepInterval);
                    continue;
                }
                if (_provider.TryDequeue(out MailBox box))
                {
                    _logger.LogInformation("开始发送邮件 标题:{0},收件人 {1}", box.Subject, box.To.First());
                    sw.Restart();
                    SendMail(box);
                    sw.Stop();
                    _logger.LogInformation("发送邮件结束标题:{0},收件人 {1},耗时{2}", box.Subject, box.To.First(), sw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "循环中出错,线程即将结束");
            _isRunning = false;
        }

        _logger.LogInformation("邮件发送线程即将停止,人为跳出循环,没有异常发生");
        _tryStop = false;
        _isRunning = false;
    }
    

这个方法不断的从队列读取邮件并发送,当 遇到异常,或者_tryStoptrue时跳出循环,此时线程结束,注意我们会让线程睡眠,在适当的时候。

接下来就是方法SendMail了:

    private void SendMail(MailBox box)
    {
        if (box == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(box));
        }

        try
        {
            MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box);
            SendMail(message);
        }
        catch (Exception exception)
        {
            _logger.LogError(exception, "发送邮件发生异常主题:{0},收件人:{1}", box.Subject, box.To.First());
        }
        finally
        {
            if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any())
            {
                foreach (var item in box.Attachments)
                {
                    item.Dispose();
                ...
                

这里有一个特别要注意的就是在发送之后释放附件(非托管资源):

foreach (var item in box.Attachments)
{
    item.Dispose();
    ...

发送邮件的核心代码只有两行:

MimeMessage message = ConvertToMimeMessage(box);
SendMail(message);

第一行将mailbox转换成 MailKit使用的MimeMessage实体,第二步切实的发送邮件

为什么,我们的接口中没有直接使用MimeMessage而是使用MailBox?

因为MimeMessage比较繁杂,而且附件的问题不易处理,所以我们设计接口时单独封装MailBox简化了编程接口

转换一共两步,1是主体转换,比较简单。二是附件的处理这里涉及到附件名中文编码的问题。

    private MimeMessage ConvertToMimeMessage(MailBox box)
    {
        var message = new MimeMessage();

        var from = InternetAddress.Parse(_options.UserName);
        from.Name = _options.DisplayName;

        message.From.Add(from);
        if (!box.To.Any())
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException("to必须含有值");
        }
        message.To.AddRange(box.To.Convert());
        if (box.Cc != null && box.Cc.Any())
        {
            message.Cc.AddRange(box.Cc.Convert());
        }

        message.Subject = box.Subject;

        var builder = new BodyBuilder();

        if (box.IsHtml)
        {
            builder.HtmlBody = box.Body;
        }
        else
        {
            builder.TextBody = box.Body;
        }

        if (box.Attachments != null && box.Attachments.Any())
        {
            foreach (var item in GetAttechments(box.Attachments))
            {
                builder.Attachments.Add(item);
            }
        }

        message.Body = builder.ToMessageBody();
        return message;
    }

    private AttachmentCollection GetAttechments(IEnumerable<IAttachment> attachments)
    {
        if (attachments == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(attachments));
        }

        AttachmentCollection collection = new AttachmentCollection();
        List<Stream> list = new List<Stream>(attachments.Count());

        foreach (var item in attachments)
        {
            var fileName = item.GetName();
            var fileType = MimeTypes.GetMimeType(fileName);
            var contentTypeArr = fileType.Split('/');
            var contentType = new ContentType(contentTypeArr[0], contentTypeArr[1]);
            MimePart attachment = null;
            Stream fs = null;
            try
            {
                fs = item.GetFileStream();
                list.Add(fs);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                _logger.LogError(ex, "读取文件流发生异常");
                fs?.Dispose();
                continue;
            }

            attachment = new MimePart(contentType)
            {
                Content = new MimeContent(fs),
                ContentDisposition = new ContentDisposition(ContentDisposition.Attachment),
                ContentTransferEncoding = ContentEncoding.Base64,
            };

            var charset = "UTF-8";
            attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName);
            attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName);

            foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters)
            {
                param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
            }

            foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters)
            {
                param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
            }

            collection.Add(attachment);
        }
        return collection;
    }


在转化附件时下面的代码用来处理附件名编码问题:

var charset = "UTF-8";
attachment.ContentType.Parameters.Add(charset, "name", fileName);
attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters.Add(charset, "filename", fileName);

foreach (var param in attachment.ContentDisposition.Parameters)
{
    param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
}

foreach (var param in attachment.ContentType.Parameters)
{
    param.EncodingMethod = ParameterEncodingMethod.Rfc2047;
}

到这了我们的邮件队列就基本完成了,接下来就是在程序启动后,启动队列,找到 Program.cs文件,并稍作改写如下:

var host = BuildWebHost(args);
var provider = host.Services;
provider.GetRequiredService<IMailQueueManager>().Run();
host.Run();

这里在host.Run()主机启动之前,我们获取了IMailQueueManager并启动队列(别忘了注册服务)。

运行程序我们会看到控制台每隔3秒就会打出日志:

info: Microsoft.AspNetCore.DataProtection.KeyManagement.XmlKeyManager[0]
      User profile is available. Using 'C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\ASP.NET\DataProtection-Keys' as key repository and Windows DPAPI to encrypt keys at rest.
info: MailQueueManager[0]
      线程即将启动
info: MailQueueManager[0]
      线程已经启动,线程Id是:9
trce: MailQueueManager[0]
      队列是空,开始睡眠
Hosting environment: Development
Content root path: D:\publish
Now listening on: http://[::]:5000
Application started. Press Ctrl+C to shut down.
trce: MailQueueManager[0]
      队列是空,开始睡眠
trce: MailQueueManager[0]
      队列是空,开始睡眠

到此,我们的邮件队列就完成了! :D

欢迎转载,不过要著名原作者和出处

觉得写的不错的话帮忙点个赞撒 :D


rocketrobin
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一个.neter