Yum 学习笔记

Yum 学习笔记

背景

Yum

学习教程

• yum cookbook

学习内容

Yellowdog Updater, Modified

常用命令

• 查看可用的更新

  yum check-update

• 更新单个 rpm

  yum update package_name

• 安装所有的更新

  yum update
  yum update-minimal --security

• 定时更新包

  yum install yum-cron
  service yum-cron start
  service yum-cron status

• 查找包

  yum search vim gvim emacs
  yum search all vim gvim emacs

• 列出包

  yum list *rmc*
  yum list all
  yum list installed
  yum list available
  yum grouplist
  yum repolist

• 查看包的详情

  yum info package_name(rpm -q --info package_name)

• 安装包

  yum install package_name
  yum install package_name package_name…
  yum groupinstall group_name
  yum groupinstall groupid

  • 查看特定文件属于哪个软件包

  yum provides "*bin/named"

• 卸载包

  yum remove package_name…
  yum groupremove group

• 查看 yum 历史

  yum history list
  yum history package-list *rmc*
  yum history addon-info last
  
  yum history new #新建历史记录

Action	Abbreviation	Description
Downgrade	D	At least one package has been downgraded to an older version.
Erase	E	At least one package has been removed.
Install	I	At least one new package has been installed.
Obsoleting	O	At least one package has been marked as obsolete.
Reinstall	R	At least one package has been reinstalled.
Update	U	At least one package has been updated to a newer version.

Symbol	Description
<	Before the transaction finished, the rpmdb database was changed outside Yum.
>	After the transaction finished, the rpmdb database was changed outside Yum.
*	The transaction failed to finish.
#	The transaction finished successfully, but yum returned a non-zero exit code.
E	The transaction finished successfully, but an error or a warning was displayed.
P	The transaction finished successfully, but problems already existed in the rpmdb database.
s	The transaction finished successfully, but the --skip-broken command-line option was used and certain packages were skipped.

• 回滚操作

  yum history undo id

• 重做

  yum history redo id
  yum -q history addon-info id saved_tx > file_name
  yum load-transaction file_nam

• 掉电异常处理

  yum-complete-transaction
  yum-complete-transaction --cleanup-only

repo 配置项

• 全局配置文件/etc/yum.conf

  cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever #缓存地址
  keepcache=0 #1：安装成功后本地仍保留包 0：不保留
  debuglevel=2 #范围1-10,级别越高，日志越详细,0:disable
  logfile=/var/log/yum.log #日志文件
  exactarch=1 #是否检查架构 0：不检查 1：检查（32位和64位不能互相兼容）
  obsoletes=1 # 1:更新时，执行老包废弃逻辑
  gpgcheck=1 #是否进行gpg检查 0：不检查 1：检查
  plugins=1 # 0:不可用所有插件 1：可用
  installonly_limit=5 #限制同时安装的rpm个数

• 子仓库配置

• 目录：/etc/yum.repos.d/

  [xxx-base-12]
  name=xxx-base-12
  enabled=1
  gpgcheck=0
  baseurl=http://xxx.mmb.com/dev/os/centos6.7_64

• 配置文件中的变量

  • $releasever 发行版，对应 conf 中的 distroverpkg.例如 6Client 或 6Server
  • $arch,CPU 架构， i686 或 x86_64
  • $basearch,系统基础架构，i386 或 x86_64
  • $YUM0-9

• 创建自己的$变量

  echo "Red Hat Enterprise Linux" > /etc/yum/vars/osname

yum 是怎么工作的？

yum install jdk

1. 获取 库中所有可用的 package 的列表
2. 计算 yum 是否可以获取到你所需要 包的依赖
3. 如果 2 满足，则在用户确认后，下载相关的依赖包,并安装

创建一个 yum 源仓库 createRepo

• 创建私有 repo

  yum install createrepo
  mkdir -p  /home/privateRepo
  createrepo --database /home/privateRepo #privateRepo中会生成yum的元数据repodata,sqlite数据库会提高yum操作速度
  
  createrepo --unique-md-filenames /home/privateRepo #所有元数据的文件名必须唯一,这个选项通常用在镜像库

• 一个库中有大量的 包，只有 小部分增加或者 改变时，耗时太长。

  createrepo --update /srv/my/repo

• 排除库中的某些包

    createrepo -x filename -x filename2 -x filename* /srv/my/repo

• 改变 checksum

  createrepo --checksum /srv/my/repo

详解repodata

• filelists.xml.gz

  • pkgid 包 id(唯一)
  • name 包名
  • arch 架构
  • version 版本号
  • file 将要被安装的文件名

  <package pkgid="deee52b24486906ee52576ee471b57061ccd5544" name="php-mbstring" arch="i386">
    <version epoch="0" ver="5.1.6" rel="32.el5" />
    <file>
      /etc/php.d/mbstring.ini
    </file>
    <file>
      /usr/lib/php/modules/mbstring.so
    </file>
  </package>

• primary.xml.gz

  • 基本信息
  • sha hash
  • 概述

  <package type="rpm">
    <name>
      php53-mbstring
    </name>
    <arch>
      i386
    </arch>
    <version epoch="0" ver="5.3.3" rel="5.el5" />
    <checksum type="sha" pkgid="YES">
      e4d153d1ac6f71fa50bb6587cf13b324ee44537c
    </checksum>
    <summary>
      A module for PHP applications which need multi-byte string handling
    </summary>
    <description>
      The php-mbstring package contains a dynamic shared object that will add
    </description>
  </package>

• repomd.xml

  • 定位 primary.xml.gz,filelists.xml.gz,other.xml.gz
  • 修改的时间戳
  • checksum

  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <repomd xmlns="http://linux.duke.edu/metadata/repo">
  <data type="other">
    <location href="repodata/other.xml.gz"/>
    <checksum type="sha">53349b063023303c5976135a7e485b0aa932ba6f</checksum>
    <timestamp>1360494599</timestamp>
    <open-checksum type="sha">2245d5a3cf0c3398a28b0c63948ecdf58668041e</open-checksum>
  </data>
  <data type="filelists">
    <location href="repodata/filelists.xml.gz"/>
    <checksum type="sha">35d6d80d5b115f0da3452534c1f5cf9c0efcef3f</checksum>
    <timestamp>1360494599</timestamp>
    <open-checksum type="sha">5d1f2791794e1cc20590099a962cf5260f942b7a</open-checksum>
  </data>
  <data type="primary">
    <location href="repodata/primary.xml.gz"/>
    <checksum type="sha">afe11b0976096135357e11e2ff1707d88ebef6fd</checksum>
    <timestamp>1360494599</timestamp>
    <open-checksum type="sha">976baa466007d496accfa24922f2f0722c56f1dd</open-checksum>
  </data>
  </repomd>

• other.xml.gz

  • 作者
  • 版本信息
  • 修改记录
  • 之前版本的 bugfix 信息等