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Web开发会经常遇到给实体打分的需求,比如论坛用户的声望分、电商系统的类目和产品热度分,新闻的热度分等。有些分数只需要排序使用,有些分数需要显示给用户,让用户看到分数之后能直观的感受到这个分数所处的位置。往往热度分的计算并不只是参考单一维度,会有很多维度的参考。比如,如果我们想计算一个论坛的用户的综合贡献值,需要参考回帖数量、发帖数量、被点赞数量等指标。下面以论坛用户贡献值为例子来演示一个热度分的计算过程。

首先,初始化一个用户表,200条记录,字段为id,post_count, reply_count, faver_count,值为随机整数。

    SELECT row_number() over() as id, 
           (generate_series * random())::integer as post_count, 
           (generate_series * random())::integer as reply_count, 
           (generate_series * random())::integer as faver_count
INTO TABLE users
      FROM (SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 200)) AS r;

users表数据如下:

select * from users limit 10;
 id | post_count | reply_count | faver_count
----+------------+-------------+-------------
  1 |          0 |           0 |           0
  2 |          2 |           1 |           1
  3 |          2 |           2 |           1
  4 |          3 |           0 |           1
  5 |          3 |           3 |           4
  6 |          4 |           3 |           3
  7 |          4 |           0 |           3
  8 |          5 |           4 |           3
  9 |          7 |           2 |           5
 10 |          6 |           3 |           5

Row Number

最简单的想法是单指标的排名相加,比如,按post_count从大到小排序,算出post_numreplyfaver同理:


SELECT *,
       row_number() over(order by post_count desc) as post_num, 
       row_number() over(order by reply_count desc) as reply_num, 
       row_number() over(order by faver_count desc) as faver_num  
  FROM users;

计算结果如下,score = a * post_num + b * reply_num + c * faver_num,其中abc为加权系数。这样的计算方法存在一个问题,score的范围不确定,一个用户打了99分的话,我们无法从99这个数值看出他处于什么位置。


id  | post_count | reply_count | faver_count | post_num | reply_num | faver_num
-----+------------+-------------+-------------+----------+-----------+-----------
 187 |         62 |          25 |         173 |       70 |       122 |         1
 169 |          6 |          57 |         167 |      176 |        69 |         2
 171 |          2 |          46 |         162 |      193 |        84 |         3
 172 |         41 |         152 |         162 |      101 |         6 |         4
 200 |         76 |         193 |         149 |       51 |         1 |         5
 156 |         62 |         116 |         144 |       69 |        28 |         6
 166 |        114 |          31 |         144 |       20 |       109 |         7
 153 |        127 |          97 |         138 |       10 |        39 |         8
 135 |         25 |         131 |         135 |      135 |        16 |         9
 186 |        112 |         147 |         134 |       23 |         7 |        10
 163 |        106 |         134 |         133 |       28 |        13 |        11
 155 |        124 |           3 |         132 |       14 |       188 |        12
 173 |         74 |          92 |         132 |       53 |        42 |        13
 133 |        119 |          78 |         132 |       17 |        53 |        14

NTile

一个改进的方案是,排名之后按区间分段,比如1-10打1分,11-20打2分,以此类推。这样可以把每个指标的范围确定,再加权之后范围也是可以计算的。

SELECT *,
       ntile(10) over(order by post_count desc) as post_num, 
       ntile(10) over(order by reply_count desc) as reply_num, 
       ntile(10) over(order by faver_count desc) as faver_num  
  FROM users;

按区间分段存在的问题是,结果不够平滑,也不能反映不同用户之间的差别,比如第一名和第二名分别为10000和100,分段之后他们得到相同的分数,体现不出差异。


id  | post_count | reply_count | faver_count | post_num | reply_num | faver_num
-----+------------+-------------+-------------+----------+-----------+-----------
 187 |         62 |          25 |         173 |        4 |         7 |         1
 169 |          6 |          57 |         167 |        9 |         4 |         1
 171 |          2 |          46 |         162 |       10 |         5 |         1
 172 |         41 |         152 |         162 |        6 |         1 |         1
 200 |         76 |         193 |         149 |        3 |         1 |         1
 156 |         62 |         116 |         144 |        4 |         2 |         1
 166 |        114 |          31 |         144 |        1 |         6 |         1
 153 |        127 |          97 |         138 |        1 |         2 |         1
 135 |         25 |         131 |         135 |        7 |         1 |         1
 186 |        112 |         147 |         134 |        2 |         1 |         1
 163 |        106 |         134 |         133 |        2 |         1 |         1
 155 |        124 |           3 |         132 |        1 |        10 |         1
 173 |         74 |          92 |         132 |        3 |         3 |         1
 133 |        119 |          78 |         132 |        1 |         3 |         1
 174 |         42 |          14 |         131 |        5 |         8 |         1
 181 |        120 |          10 |         130 |        1 |         8 |         1
 148 |         38 |         120 |         129 |        6 |         2 |         1
 176 |         84 |         105 |         128 |        3 |         2 |         1
 128 |        113 |         103 |         128 |        2 |         2 |         1
 179 |        114 |         118 |         127 |        1 |         2 |         1
 157 |         66 |         120 |         127 |        4 |         2 |         2
 198 |        122 |          35 |         126 |        1 |         6 |         2
 195 |        166 |         112 |         118 |        1 |         2 |         2
 192 |        175 |         124 |         117 |        1 |         1 |         2

Z Score

标准分数(Standard Score,又称z-score,中文称为Z-分数或标准化值)在统计学中是一种无因次值,就是一种纯数字标记,是借由从单一(原始)分数中减去母体的平均值,再依照母体(母集合)的标准差分割成不同的差距,按照z值公式,各个样本在经过转换后,通常在正、负五到六之间不等。

WITH post AS (SELECT avg(post_count) as mean, stddev(post_count) as sd from users),
     reply AS (SELECT avg(reply_count) as mean, stddev(reply_count) as sd from users),
     faver AS (SELECT avg(faver_count) as mean, stddev(faver_count) as sd from users)
SELECT users.*,
       ((post_count - post.mean) / post.sd)::numeric(6,3) AS z_score_post,
       ((reply_count - reply.mean) / reply.sd)::numeric(6,3) AS z_score_reply,
       ((faver_count - faver.mean) / faver.sd)::numeric(6,3) AS z_score_faver
  FROM users,
       post,
       faver,
       reply
ORDER BY 4 DESC

结果如下:


id  | post_count | reply_count | faver_count | z_score_post | z_score_reply | z_score_faver
-----+------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+---------------
 187 |         62 |          25 |         173 |        0.251 |        -0.543 |         2.835
 169 |          6 |          57 |         167 |       -1.076 |         0.150 |         2.697
 172 |         41 |         152 |         162 |       -0.247 |         2.208 |         2.582
 171 |          2 |          46 |         162 |       -1.171 |        -0.088 |         2.582
 200 |         76 |         193 |         149 |        0.582 |         3.096 |         2.283
 156 |         62 |         116 |         144 |        0.251 |         1.428 |         2.168
 166 |        114 |          31 |         144 |        1.483 |        -0.413 |         2.168
 153 |        127 |          97 |         138 |        1.791 |         1.016 |         2.031
 135 |         25 |         131 |         135 |       -0.626 |         1.753 |         1.962
 186 |        112 |         147 |         134 |        1.435 |         2.099 |         1.939
 163 |        106 |         134 |         133 |        1.293 |         1.818 |         1.916
 133 |        119 |          78 |         132 |        1.601 |         0.605 |         1.893
 173 |         74 |          92 |         132 |        0.535 |         0.908 |         1.893
 155 |        124 |           3 |         132 |        1.720 |        -1.019 |         1.893
 174 |         42 |          14 |         131 |       -0.223 |        -0.781 |         1.870
 181 |        120 |          10 |         130 |        1.625 |        -0.868 |         1.847
 148 |         38 |         120 |         129 |       -0.318 |         1.515 |         1.824
 128 |        113 |         103 |         128 |        1.459 |         1.146 |         1.801
 176 |         84 |         105 |         128 |        0.772 |         1.190 |         1.801
 179 |        114 |         118 |         127 |        1.483 |         1.471 |         1.778

Z-Score的意义是样本值到均值之间有多少个标准差,它的取值理论上也是没有范围的,但如果样本数值服从正态分布,会有99%以上的值落在[-3, 3]这个区间。如图:

其实从上面我们计算的结果也可以观察出这个结论。对于落在[-3, 3]区间外的数据,我们可以调整为3或-3,这个影响完全可以忽略不计。使用Z-Score之后,我们可以保证了分数值既平滑又有范围区间。

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