Netty简介
Netty的核心组件:
- Channel
- 回调
- Future
- 事件和ChannelHandler
Channel
Channel可以看做是传入(入站)或者传出(出站)数据的载体,,可以被打开或者关闭,连接或者断开连接;
回调
一个回调其实就是一个方法,一个指向已经被提供给另外一个方法的方法的引用。这使得接受回调的方法可以在适当的时候调用前者。当一个回调被触发时,相关的事件可以被一个interface-ChannelHandler的实现处理。
Future
Future提供了另一种在操作完成时通知应用程序的方式。这个对象可以看做是一个异步操作的结果的占位符,它将在未来的某个时刻完成,并提供对其结果的访问。
ChannelFuture提供了额外几个方法,使得我们能够注册一个或者多个ChannelFutureListener实例。由ChannelFutureListener实例提供的通知机制消除了手动检查对应的操作是否完成的必要。
事件和 ChannelHandler
Netty使用不同的事件来通知我们状态的改变或者是操作的状态。这使得我们能够基于已经发生的事件来触发适当的动作。每个事件都可以被分发给ChannelHandler类中的某个用户实现的方法。
创建Maven工程
整个项目的目录结构如下:
echo-parent的 pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.nasuf.echo</groupId>
<artifactId>echo-parent</artifactId>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<modules>
<module>../echo-client</module>
<module>../echo-server</module>
</modules>
<properties>
<echo-server.hostname>localhost</echo-server.hostname>
<echo-server.port>9999</echo-server.port>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.netty</groupId>
<artifactId>netty-all</artifactId> <!-- Use 'netty-all' for 4.0 or above -->
<version>4.1.10.Final</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
echo-server的 pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>echo-parent</artifactId>
<groupId>com.nasuf.echo</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<relativePath>../echo-parent/pom.xml</relativePath>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>echo-server</artifactId>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>run-server</id>
<goals>
<goal>java</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.echo.server.handler.EchoServer</mainClass>
<arguments>
<argument>${echo-server.port}</argument>
</arguments>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
echo-client的 pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>echo-parent</artifactId>
<groupId>com.nasuf.echo</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<relativePath>../echo-parent/pom.xml</relativePath>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>echo-client</artifactId>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>run-server</id>
<goals>
<goal>java</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.echo.client.handler.EchoClient</mainClass>
<arguments>
<argument>${echo-server.hostname}</argument>
<argument>${echo-server.port}</argument>
</arguments>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
然后来构建 echo-client 和 echo-server
EchoServer
EchoServerHandler
package com.echo.server.handler;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler.Sharable;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
// @Sharable标示一个ChannelHandler可以被多个Channel安全共享
@Sharable
public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
@Override
public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
ByteBuf in = (ByteBuf) msg;
System.out.println(
"Server received: " + in.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
// 将接收到的消息写给发送者,即客户端,而不冲刷出站消息
ctx.write(in);
}
@Override
public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
// 将未决消息冲刷到远程节点,并且关闭该Channel
ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.EMPTY_BUFFER)
.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
所谓“未决消息(pending message)”指的是目前暂存于ChannelOutboundBuffer中的消息,在下一次调用flush()或者writeAndFlush()方法时将会尝试写出到套接字。
EchoServer
package com.echo.server.handler;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
public class EchoServer {
private final int port;
public EchoServer(int port) {
this.port = port;
}
public void start() throws Exception {
final EchoServerHandler serverHandler = new EchoServerHandler();
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
b.group(group)
.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.localAddress(new InetSocketAddress(port))
.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(serverHandler);
}
});
// 此处绑定服务器,并等待绑定完成。对sync()方法的调用将导致当前Thread阻塞,直到绑定完成
ChannelFuture f = b.bind().sync();
// 由于调用了sync()方法,程序将会阻塞等待,直到服务器的Channel关闭
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully().sync();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println(
"Usage: " + EchoServer.class.getSimpleName() + " <port>"
);
return;
}
int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
new EchoServer(port).start();
}
}
总结:
- EchoServerHandler实现了业务逻辑
- main()方法引导了服务器;
引导过程如下:
- 创建一个ServerBoostrap的实例以引导和绑定服务器;
- 创建并分配一个NioEventLoopGroup实例以进行事件的处理,如接受新连接以及读、写数据;
- 指定服务器绑定本地的InetSocketAddress;
- 使用一个EchoServerHandler的实例初始化每一个新Channel;
- 调用ServerBootstrap.bind()方法以绑定服务器;
EchoClient
Echo客户端将会:
- 连接到服务器;
- 发送一个或多个消息;
- 对于每个消息,等待并接收从服务器返回的相同的消息;
- 关闭连接
EchoClientHandler
package com.echo.client.handler;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandler.Sharable;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
@Sharable
public class EchoClientHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<ByteBuf> {
@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
ctx.writeAndFlush(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Netty rocks!", CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
}
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in) throws Exception {
System.out.println("Client received: " + in.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
EchoCleint
package com.echo.client.handler;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.EventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioSocketChannel;
public class EchoClient {
private final String host;
private final int port;
public EchoClient(String host, int port) {
this.host = host;
this.port = port;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 2) {
System.err.println(
"Usage: " + EchoClient.class.getSimpleName() +
" <host> <port>");
return;
}
String host = args[0];
int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
new EchoClient(host, port).start();
}
public void start() throws Exception {
EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
try {
Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
b.group(group)
.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
.remoteAddress(new InetSocketAddress(host, port))
.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
@Override
protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
ch.pipeline().addLast(new EchoClientHandler());
}
});
ChannelFuture f = b.connect().sync();
f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
} finally {
group.shutdownGracefully().sync();
}
}
}
总结:
- 为初始化客户端,创建了一个Bootstrap实例;
- 为进行事件处理分配了一个NioEventLoopGroup实例,其中事件处理包括创建新的连接以及处理入站和出站数据;
- 为服务器连接创建了一个InetSocketAddress实例;
- 当连接被建立时,一个EchoClientHandler实例会被安装到(该Channel的)ChannelPipeline中;
- 在一切都设置完成后,调用Bootstrap.connect()方法连接到远程节点;
运行测试
进入到echo-parent目录下执行:
mvn clean package
然后分别在服务端和客户端执行:
mvn exec:java
可以在服务端看到:
$ mvn exec:java
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building echo-server 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- exec-maven-plugin:1.6.0:java (default-cli) @ echo-server ---
在客户端看到:
$ mvn exec:java
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building echo-client 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- exec-maven-plugin:1.6.0:java (default-cli) @ echo-client ---
Client received: Netty rocks!
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 3.903 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-11-18T20:54:08+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 11M/309M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
客户端执行完毕并退出,回到服务端窗口可以看到信息如下:
Server received: Netty rocks!
《Netty实战》第二章
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