MongoDB学习笔记（3）- Mongo Shell 常用查询命令

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    MongoDB学习笔记（3）- Mongo Shell 常用查询命令

    本文所使用的MongoDB版本为 4.0.10
    > db.version();
4.0.10

    一、find 命令进行简查询

    find( 查询条件 ，返回的字段)，

    1. 查询时返回所有字段

    db.user.find() --> 查询user集合中所有的数据

    > db.user.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    db.user.find( {"username":"Mary"} ) --> 列出username=Mary的数据

    > db.user.find({"username": "Mary"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }

    db.user.find( {"age":50} ) --> 列出 age = 50 的数据

    > db.user.find( {"age":50} )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    2. 查询时只返回指定几个字段

    db.user.find({}, {"username":1}) --> 列出所有人的 username 字段

    > db.user.find({}, {"username": 1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart" }

    db.user.find({}, {"tel": 1}) --> 列出所有人的 tel 字段

    > db.user.find({}, {"tel": 1})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7") }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8") }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9") }

    db.user.find({} , {"age": 0} ) --> 除了age字段，其他字段都列出来

    > db.user.find({}, {"age": 0})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart" }

    二、常用操作符

    1. $lt (<)

    查询年龄小于30岁的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age": { $lt: 30 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }

    2. $lte (<=)

    查询年龄小于等于30岁的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age": { $lte: 30 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }

    3. $gt (>)

    查询年龄大于30岁的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age": { $gt: 30 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    4. $gte (>= )

    查询年龄大于等于30岁的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age": { $gte: 30 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    5. $ne ( <> )

    查询年龄不等于30岁的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age": { $ne: 30 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    6. $and (AND)

    查询年龄大于10岁且小于40岁的用户

    > db.user.find( { $and: [ { "age": { $lt: 40 } }  , {"age": { $gt: 10 } } ] } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }

    7. $or (OR)

    查询年龄小于20岁或者大于40岁的用户

    > db.user.find( { $or: [ { "age": { $lt: 20 } }  , {"age": { $gt:40 } } ] } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    8. $in (IN)

    查询年龄为 20, 30, 40 岁的用户

    > db.user.find( { "age" : { $in : [20, 30, 40] } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }

    9. $not (NOT)

    查询年龄不是 20, 40 岁的用户（$not）

    > db.user.find( { "age" : { $not: { $in : [20, 40] } } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    10. $nin (NOT IN)

    查询年龄不是 20, 40 岁的用户

    > db.user.find( { "age" : { $nin : [20, 40] } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    11. $mod (取模)

    查询年龄对 4 取模余 2 的用户

    > db.user.find( {"age" : { $mod : [4, 2] } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    12. $exists (存在)

    $exists 用于判断键是否

    给 Mary 添加 tel 字段，值设为 null

    > db.user.update({ "username": "Mary" }, { $set : { "tel" : null } })
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })
> db.user.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    列出存在 tel 字段的记录

    > db.user.find({ "tel" : { $exists : 1 }})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }
    判断值为 null 时要注意：
    db.user.find({ "friends" : null })
    该命令不仅查出值为null的记录，friends 键不存在的记录也会被取出来。
    > db.user.find({ "tel" : null })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }
    如果想取出 friends 键存在，并且值为 null 的记录应该这样来取：
    > db.user.find( { $and: [ { "tel" : null }, { "tel" : {$exists: 1 } } ] } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }

    13. $where

    $where : 根据函数返回值来判断是否返回数据

    取出 年龄 * 3 + 5 小于 100 用户的

    db.user.find( { $where : function(){ 
    return (this.age * 3 + 5 < 100); 
} } );
    > db.user.find( { $where : function(){ return (this.age * 3 + 5 < 100); } } );
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }
    this 代表当前这个记录。

    通过这个 $where 基本可以实现任意类型的查询。不过不到必要时候不要用这个方法，因为它的速度比一般查询要慢很多。

    三、使用正则查询

    查找名字中含有 "art" 的记录

    > db.user.find( { "username" : /art/ } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    查找以名称以 "mar" 开头且不区分大小写的记录

    > db.user.find( {"username": /^mar/i } );
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40 }

    四、查询数组

    1. $all：判断某个数组类型字段包含的多个指定值时。

    给 user 集合中的用户添加一些朋友，结果如下：

    > db.user.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086", "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Martin", "Kart" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f102414077ad0dab139c7"), "username" : "Mary", "age" : 30, "tel" : null, "friend" : [ "Jocker", "Martin" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40, "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Kart" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f105414077ad0dab139c9"), "username" : "kart", "age" : 50 }

    取出 friend 数组中既有 Mary 又有 Jocker 的记录

    > db.user.find({ "friend": { $all : ["Mary", "Jocker"] } })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086", "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Martin", "Kart" ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40, "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Kart" ] }

    2. $size：查询拥有指定元素个数的数组

    取出 friend 数组中有3个值的记录

    > db.user.find( { "friend" : { $size  : 3 } } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f103414077ad0dab139c8"), "username" : "Martin", "age" : 40, "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Kart" ] }

    3. $slice : 返回一个数组的子集

    {$slice : 10} --> 数组中的前10个
    {$slice : -10} --> 数组中的后10个
    {$slice : [20, 10] } --> 从数组中下标为20的元素开始，向后去除10个元素

    取出Tom的前3个朋友

    > db.user.find( {"username": "Tom"}, { "friend" : {$slice : 3} } )
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d2f0a4714077ad0dab139c5"), "username" : "Tom", "age" : 12, "tel" : "10086", "friend" : [ "Mary", "Jocker", "Martin" ] }

    五、查询内嵌文档

    1. $elemMatch

    如有这样的数据结构：
    有个comments字段，该字段是一个数组，每一项是一个内嵌的comment对象

    {
    "_id": ObjectId("5d31b1d24fd0d7ad0a1a1361"),
    "author": "Tom",
    "content": "I am Tom!",
    "comments": [{
        "user": "Mary",
        "score": 3,
        "comment": "Nice!"
    }, {
        "user": "Martin",
        "score": 6,
        "comment": "I'm reading..."
    }, {
        "user": "Jocker",
        "score": 8,
        "comment": "You're kidding me"
    }]
}
{
    "_id": ObjectId("5d31b3114fd0d7ad0a1a1364"),
    "author": "Martin",
    "content": "I am Martin!",
    "comments": [{
        "user": "Tom",
        "score": 5,
        "comment": "Nice!"
    }, {
        "user": "Mary",
        "score": 6,
        "comment": "I'm reading..."
    }, {
        "user": "Jocker",
        "score": 3,
        "comment": "You're kidding me"
    }]
}
{
    "_id": ObjectId("5d31b3314fd0d7ad0a1a1365"),
    "author": "Mary",
    "content": "I am Mary!",
    "comments": [{
        "user": "Tom",
        "score": 3,
        "comment": "Nice!"
    }, {
        "user": "Martin",
        "score": 5,
        "comment": "I'm reading..."
    }, {
        "user": "Jocker",
        "score": 2,
        "comment": "You're kidding me"
    }]
}

    查询评论中包含 score 大于5的文章记录

    > db.blog.find ({ "comments" : { "$elemMatch" : { "score" : {"$gt" : 5}}} })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d31b1d24fd0d7ad0a1a1361"), "author" : "Tom", "content" : "I am Tom!", "comments" : [ { "user" : "Mary", "score" : 3, "comment" : "Nice!" }, { "user" : "Martin", "score" : 6, "comment" : "I'm reading..." }, { "user" : "Jocker", "score" : 8, "comment" : "You're kidding me" } ] }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d31b3114fd0d7ad0a1a1364"), "author" : "Martin", "content" : "I am Martin!", "comments" : [ { "user" : "Tom", "score" : 5, "comment" : "Nice!" }, { "user" : "Mary", "score" : 6, "comment" : "I'm reading..." }, { "user" : "Jocker", "score" : 3, "comment" : "You're kidding me" } ] }

    查询Tom的文章的评论中 score 大于 5 的评论记录

    > db.blog.find ({"author": "Tom"}, { "comments" : { "$elemMatch" : { "score" : {"$gt" : 3}}} })
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5d31b1d24fd0d7ad0a1a1361"), "comments" : [ { "user" : "Martin", "score" : 6, "comment" : "I'm reading..." } ] }
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