方便的 Bash 终端技巧大集合

头像
summerblue
    阅读 42 分钟
    12

    文章转发自专业的Laravel开发者社区，原始链接：https://learnku.com/laravel/t...

    Bash 集合

    我很高兴你在这里！几年前我从事生物信息学方面的研究工作。对那些简单的 bash 命令感到惊讶，他们比我的枯燥脚本快很多。通过学习命令行的快捷方式和脚本帮助我节省了很多时间。近年来，我从事云计算相关的工作，并在这里继续记录那些有用的命令。并且我在努力的使他们简短而且迅速。我主要使用 Ubuntu，RedHat ，Linux Mint 以及 CentOS 系统，如果命令在您的系统上不生效，那么我很抱歉。

    该博客将重点介绍我从工作以及 LPIC 的考试中获得的用于解析数据和 Linux 系统维护的简单命令，但是他们可能来自于亲爱的 Google 和 Stackoverflow。

    英语和 bash 并不是我的母语，请随时纠正我，谢谢。如果你知道其他有趣的命令，请教教我。

    这是更新潮的版本Bash-Oneliner~

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 一行命令

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    使用 Ctrl 键
    Ctrl + n : 类似向下的键
Ctrl + p : 类似向上的键
Ctrl + r : 反向搜索命令的历史记录（按住 Ctrl + r )
Ctrl + s : 终端停止输出.（译者注：如 apt / yum，nload，watch 等，按 Enter 继续输出）
Ctrl + q : 在 Ctrl + s 之后重新恢复之前的 terminal.
Ctrl + a : 移动光标到行的开始处
Ctrl + e : 移动光标到行的结尾处
Ctrl + d : 如果当前的 terminal 命令行有输入，Ctrl + d 或删除光标处的字符，否则会退出当前的 terminal
Ctrl + k : 删除从当前光标到结尾的所有字符
Ctrl + x + backspace : 删除当前光标到行开始的所有字符
Ctrl + t : 交换当前光标下的字符和其前面字符的位置。Esc + t 交换光标前面的两个单词
Ctrl + w : 剪切光标之前的单词，然后 Ctrl + y 粘贴它
Ctrl + u : 剪切光标之前的行; 然后 Ctrl + y 粘贴它
Ctrl + _ : 撤销之前的操作
Ctrl + l : 相当于清除
Ctrl + x + Ctrl + e : 召唤起 $EDITOR 环境变量设置的编辑器程序，对多行命令有效
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    Esc + u
# 将文本从光标的开始到结尾的单词转换为大写
Esc + l
# 将文本从光标的开始到结尾的单词转换为小写
Esc + c
# 将光标下的字母转换为大写
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 e.g. 53)
    !53
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    !!
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... : echo 'aaa' -> 现在运行: echo 'bbb')
    #最后的一条命令: echo 'aaa'
^aaa^bbb

#echo 'bbb'
#bbb

#注意只有唯一的第一个 aaa 将会被替代，如果你想替代所有的 aaa，使用「:&」替代：
^aaa^bbb^:&
#或者
!!:gs/aaa/bbb/
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. cat 文件名)
    !cat
# 或者
!c
#再次运行cat文件名
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 通配符
    # '*' 用作文件名扩展的 "通配符" 。
/b?n/?at      #/bin/cat

# '?' 用作文件名扩展的单字符 "通配符" 。
/etc/pa*wd    #/etc/passwd

# ‘[]’ 用于匹配范围内的字符。
ls -l [a-z]*   #列出所有文件名中带有字母的文件。

# ‘{}’ 可用于匹配多个模式的文件名 
ls {*.sh,*.py}   #列出所有.sh和.py文件
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    $0   :shell或shell脚本的名称。
$1, $2, $3, ... :位置参数。
$#   :位置参数的数量。
$?   :最新的管道退出状态。
$-   :为shell设置的当前选项。
$$   :当前shell（不是subshell）的pid。
$!   :最新后台命令的PID。

$DESKTOP_SESSION     当前显示管理器
$EDITOR   首选文本编辑器。
$LANG   当前语言。
$PATH   搜索可执行文件的目录列表（即准备运行的程序）
$PWD    当前目录
$SHELL  当前 shell
$USER   当前用户名
$HOSTNAME   当前主机名

    筛选

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep = grep -G # Basic Regular Expression (BRE)
fgrep = grep -F # fixed text, ignoring meta-charachetrs
egrep = grep -E # Extended Regular Expression (ERE)
pgrep = grep -P # Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)
rgrep = grep -r # recursive
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep -c "^$"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep -o '[0-9]*'
#or
grep -oP '\d'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如3）
    grep ‘[0-9]\{3\}’
# or
grep -E ‘[0-9]{3}’
# or
grep -P ‘\d{3}’
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep -Eo '[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}'
# or
grep -Po '\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 “target” ）
    grep -w 'target'

#or using RE
grep '\btarget\b'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如“bbo”）
    # return also 3 lines after match
grep -A 3 'bbo'

# return also 3 lines before match
grep -B 3 'bbo'

# return also 3 lines before and after match
grep -C 3 'bbo'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如“S”）
    grep -o 'S.*'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 w1，w2 ）
    grep -o -P '(?<=w1).*(?=w2)'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）
    grep -v bbo filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 # ）
    grep -v '^#' file.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo="some strings" ）
    grep "$boo" filename
#remember to quote the variable!
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）
    grep -m 1 bbo filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bb ）
    grep -c bbo filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... （例如一行出现3次则记为3次）
    grep -o bbo filename |wc -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo/BBO/Bbo ）
    grep -i "bbo" filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo )
    grep --color bbo filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）
    grep -R bbo /path/to/directory
# or
grep -r bbo /path/to/directory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，不输出文件名（例如 bbo ）
    grep -rh bbo /path/to/directory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，只输出匹配的文件名（例如 bbo ）
    grep -rl bbo /path/to/directory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 A 或 B 或 C 或 D ）
    grep 'A\|B\|C\|D'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 A 与 B ）
    grep 'A.*B'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 ACB 或 AEB ）
    grep 'A.B'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 color 或 colour ）
    grep ‘colou?r’
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 在文件B中查找文件A的内容
    grep -f fileA fileB
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep $'\t'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    $echo "$long_str"|grep -q "$short_str"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then echo 'found'; fi
#grep -q will output 0 if match found
#remember to add space between []!
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    grep -oP '\(\K[^\)]+'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 AAEL0000-RA ）
    grep -o -w "\w\{10\}\-R\w\{1\}"
# \w 文字字符 [0-9a-zA-Z_] \W 非文字字符
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo ）
    grep -d skip 'bbo' /path/to/files/*

    流编辑器

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed 1d filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（删除第1-100行）
    sed 1,100d filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...： bbo)
    sed "/bbo/d" filename
- case insensitive:
sed "/bbo/Id" filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如第5个字符不等于2）
    sed -E '/^.{5}[^2]/d'
#aaaa2aaa (you can stay)
#aaaa1aaa (delete!)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（编辑并保存）
    sed -i "/bbo/d" filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如$i）时，请使用双引号" "
    # e.g. add >$i to the first line (to make a bioinformatics FASTA file)
sed "1i >$i"
# notice the double quotes! in other examples, you can use a single quote, but here, no way!
# '1i' means insert to first line
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 使用反斜杠 $ 符，同时使用双引号来标记变量
sed -e "\$s/\$/\n+--$3-----+/"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed '/^\s*$/d'

# 或

sed '/^$/d'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed '$d'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed -i '$ s/.$//' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『[』）
    sed -i '1s/^/[/' file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如添加「 something 」到第1行和第3行）
    sed -e '1isomething -e '3isomething'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『]』）
    sed '$s/$/]/' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed '$a\'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 bbo）
    sed -e 's/^/bbo/' file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如『}』）
    sed -e 's/$/\}\]/' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n (例如每四个字符t添加 n)
    sed 's/.\{4\}/&\n/g'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 连接/结合/合并文件。例如(用「,」去分割)
    sed -s '$a,' *.json > all.json
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... B 去替换 A)
    sed 's/A/B/g' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... aaa = 开头的行替换成 aaa=/my/new/path)
    sed "s/aaa=.*/aaa=\/my\/new\/path/g"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bbo)
    sed -n '/^@S/p'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed '/bbo/d' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed -n 500,5000p filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n 行打印一次
    sed -n '0~3p' filename

# catch 0: start; 3: step
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed -n '1~2p'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，包括第一行
    sed -n '1p;0~3p'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//'
# Notice a whitespace before '\t'!!
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed 's/ *//'

# 注意'*'前的空格!!
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed 's/,$//g'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed "s/$/\t$i/"
# $i 是你要添加的值

# 将文件名添加到文件的最后一列
for i in $(ls);do sed -i "s/$/\t$i/" $i;done
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    for i in T000086_1.02.n T000086_1.02.p;do sed "s/$/\t${i/*./}/" $i;done >T000086_1.02.np
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/\n//g'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: 第 123 行)
    sed -n -e '123p'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: 第 10 行到第 33 行)
    sed -n '10,33p' <filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed 's=/=\\/=g'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如: A-1-e 、 A-2-e 或者 A-3-e ....)
    sed 's/A-.*-e//g' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sed '$ s/.$//'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...: AAAAAA—> AAA#AAA)
    sed -r -e 's/^.{3}/&#/' file

    Awk

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 为分隔符
    awk -F $'\t'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 为输出字段分隔符
    awk -v OFS='\t'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    a=bbo;b=obb;
awk -v a="$a" -v b="$b" "$1==a && $10=b" filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{print NR,length($0);}' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{print NF}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{print $2, $1}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如检查第一列）
    awk '$1~/,/ {print}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，并循环输出
    awk '{split($2, a,",");for (i in a) print $1"\t"a[i]}' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，打印数据 (例如在 bbo 出现7次之后，停止输出数据)
    awk -v N=7 '{print}/bbo/&& --N<=0 {exit}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ls|xargs -n1 -I file awk '{s=$0};END{print FILENAME,s}' file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... （例如在第三列前面加“chr”）
    awk 'BEGIN{OFS="\t"}$3="chr"$3'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如删除含有 bbo 的行)
    awk '!/bbo/' file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk 'NF{NF-=1};1' file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... NR 和 FNR 的用法
    # 例如以下2个文件:
# fileA:
# a
# b
# c
# fileB:
# d
# e
awk 'print FILENAME, NR,FNR,$0}' fileA fileB
# fileA    1    1    a
# fileA    2    2    b
# fileA    3    3    c
# fileB    4    1    d
# fileB    5    2    e
    逻辑与
    # 比如下面这两个文件:
# 文件 A:
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    1
# 4    0
# 文件 B:
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    0
# 4    1

awk -v OFS='\t' 'NR=FNR{a[$1]=$2;next} NF {print $1,((a[$1]=$2)? $2:"0")}' fileA 文件 B
# 1    0
# 2    1
# 3    0
# 4    0
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{while (match($0, /[0-9]+\[0-9]+/)){
    \printf "%s%.2f", substr($0,0,RSTART-1),substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH)
    \$0=substr($0, RSTART+RLENGTH)
    \}
    \print
    \}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{printf("%s\t%s\n",NR,$0)}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    #例如分开一下内容:
# David    cat,dog
# into
# David    cat
# David    dog

awk '{split($2,a,",");for(i in a)print $1"\t"a[i]}' file

# 详情介绍请点击这里:　http://stackoverflow.com/questions/33408762/bash-turning-single-comma-separated-column-into-multi-line-string
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    awk '{s+=$1}END{print s/NR}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Linux)
    awk '$1 ~ /^Linux/'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 1 40 35 12 23 --> 1 12 23 35 40)
    awk ' {split( $0, a, "\t" ); asort( a ); for( i = 1; i <= length(a); i++ ) printf( "%s\t", a[i] ); printf( "\n" ); }'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，它等于column4减去最后一列5)
    awk '{$6 = $4 - prev5; prev5 = $5; print;}'

    Xargs

    [回到顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...:空格)
    xargs -d\t
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo 1 2 3 4 5 6| xargs -n 3
# 1 2 3
# 4 5 6
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo a b c |xargs -p -n 3
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    xargs -t abcd
# bin/echo abcd
# abcd
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    find . -name "*.html"|xargs rm

# when using a backtick
rm `find . -name "*.html"`
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 「hello 2001」)
    find . -name "*.c" -print0|xargs -0 rm -rf
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    xargs --show-limits
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I {} mv {} ~/old

# or
find . -name "*.bak" -print 0|xargs -0 -I file mv file ~/old
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ls |head -100|xargs -I {} mv {} d1
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    time echo {1..5} |xargs -n 1 -P 5 sleep

# a lot faster than:
time echo {1..5} |xargs -n1 sleep
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... A 复制到 B
    find /dir/to/A -type f -name "*.py" -print 0| xargs -0 -r -I file cp -v -p file --target-directory=/path/to/B

# v: verbose|
# p: keep detail (e.g. owner)
    sed 相关
    ls |xargs -n1 -I file sed -i '/^Pos/d' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ls |sed 's/.txt//g'|xargs -n1 -I file sed -i -e '1 i\>file\' file.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ls |xargs -n1 wc -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ls -l| xargs
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo mso{1..8}|xargs -n1 bash -c 'echo -n "$1:"; ls -la "$1"| grep -w 74 |wc -l' --
# "--" 信号选项结束，并进一步进行选项的处理
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，也统计总行数。
    ls|xargs wc -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 以及 grep 命令
    cat grep_list |xargs -I{} grep {} filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 和 sed 命令 (将所有旧的 ip 地址替换成在 etc 文件下面新的 ip 地址)
    grep -rl '192.168.1.111' /etc | xargs sed -i 's/192.168.1.111/192.168.2.111/g'

    Find（查询）

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前目录中的所有子目录/文件
    find .
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前目录下的所有文件
    find . -type f
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 列出当前文件下的所有目录
    find . -type d
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 编辑当前目录下的所有文件（例如，将“www”替换为“ww”）
    find . -name '*.php' -exec sed -i 's/www/w/g' {} \;

# 如果没有子目录
replace "www" "w" -- *
# a space before *
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 查询文件 并 打印文件名（例如 “mso”）
    find mso*/ -name M* -printf "%f\n"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 查找 并 删除 文件大小 小于（例如74字节）的文件
    find . -name "*.mso" -size -74c -delete

# M 代表 MB, 等等

    Condition and loop (条件与循环)

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 语句
    # 使用 if 和 else 来进行条件判断 
if [[ "$c" == "read" ]]; then outputdir="seq"; else outputdir="write" ; fi

# 判断myfile是否包含字符串“test”
if grep -q hello myfile; then …

# 判断mydir 是否是一个目录, 修改 mydir 的内容 并且 执行其他操作:
if cd mydir; then
  echo 'some content' >myfile
else
  echo >&2 "Fatal error. This script requires mydir."
fi

# 判断 variable(变量)  是否为空
if [ ! -s "myvariable" ]
#返回指定对象的长度  如果是 "字符串"  返回 0.

# 判断文件是否存在
if [ -e 'filename' ]
then
  echo -e "file exists!"
fi

# 判断 myfile 文件是否存在   或者  myfile 连接是否存在 
if [ -e myfile ] || [ -L myfile ]
then
  echo -e "file exists!"
fi

# 判断 变量 x  是否大于 等于 5
if [ "$x" -ge 5 ]; then …

#  在 bash/ksh/zsh 中 判断 变量 x 是否大于等于 5,:
if ((x >= 5)); then …

# 使用  (( ))(双括号) 进行数学运算  将u+2的计算结果赋值给  j 
if ((j==u+2))

# 使用 [[ ]](双中括号)  进行数值比较   在[[]] 中 会将 特殊符号 自动转换为 比较符号 （例如  = 转换为 == ）  
if [[ $age -gt 21 ]]

    More if commands

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    For 语法
    for i in $(ls); do echo file $i;done
#或者
for i in *; do echo file $i; done

# 按任意键继续执行遍历
for i in $(cat tpc_stats_0925.log |grep failed|grep -o '\query\w\{1,2\}');do cat ${i}.log; read -rsp $'Press any key to continue...\n' -n1 key;done

# 当按下一个键会逐行打印文件
oifs="$IFS"; IFS=$'\n'; for line in $(cat myfile); do ...; done
while read -r line; do ...; done <myfile

# If only one word a line, simply （ 遍历文件内容 一行一行的遍历）
for line in $(cat myfile); do echo $line; read -n1; done

#遍历一个数组
for i in "${arrayName[@]}"; do echo $i;done
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 语句,
    # 文件的列减法 (例如 a 3 columns file)
while read a b c; do echo $(($c-$b));done < <(head filename)
#在两个 "<" 的中间有个空格 

# 汇总 列 减法
i=0; while read a b c; do ((i+=$c-$b)); echo $i; done < <(head filename)

# 继续检查正在运行的进程（例如perl），并在启动后立即启动另一个新进程（例如python）。 （最好使用wait命令！Ctrl + F " wait"）
while [[ $(pidof perl) ]];do echo f;sleep 10;done && python timetorunpython.py
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (case in bash)
    read type;
case $type in
  '0')
    echo 'how'
    ;;
  '1')
    echo 'are'
    ;;
  '2')
    echo 'you'
    ;;
esac

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    变量

    [返回顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # foo=bar
 echo "'$foo'"
#'bar'
# 单引号/双引号  quotes around single quotes make the inner single quotes expand variables（在单引号内使用变量 变量会被解析）
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    var="some string"
echo ${#var}
# 11
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    var=string
echo "${var:0:1}"
#s

# or
echo ${var%%"${var#?}"}
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 从第一位 或最后一位 开始删除变量中的 n 个字节
    var="some string"
echo ${var:2}
#me string
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如. 删除第一个位置的 0 )
    var="0050"
echo ${var[@]#0}
#050
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如. 将 字符"a" 替换为 字符",")
    {var/a/,}
    # 使用 grep 
 test="god the father"
 grep ${test// /\\\|} file.txt
 # turning the space into 'or' (\|) in grep （在grep 的空间中将 替换   or 和 (\|) ）
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（参数扩展）
    var=HelloWorld
echo ${var,,}
helloworld
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Expand and then execute variable/argument （先执行脚本进行赋值 再输出变量内容）
    cmd="bar=foo"
eval "$cmd"
echo "$bar" # foo

    数学

    [back to top]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (运算符: +, -, *, /, %, 等等)
    #总结： a++ 先运算a，后a的值加1；++a，则相反，先加一，再参与运算。同理a--,与--a
echo $(( 10 + 5 ))  #15
x=1
echo $(( x++ )) #1 , 注意它仍然是1，因为它是后递增的
echo $(( x++ )) #2
echo $(( ++x )) #4 , 注意，它不是3，因为它是预增量
echo $(( x-- )) #4
echo $(( x-- )) #3
echo $(( --x )) #1
x=2
y=3
echo $(( x ** y )) #8
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如： 50)
    factor 50
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。 (比如： seq 10)
    seq 10|paste -sd+|bc
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（文件中每行仅包含一个数字）
    awk '{s+=$1} END {print s}' filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat file| awk -F '\t' 'BEGIN {SUM=0}{SUM+=$3-$2}END{print SUM}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    expr 10+20 #30
expr 10\*20 #600
expr 30 \> 20 #1 (true)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 小数位数/有效数字
echo "scale=2;2/3" | bc
#.66

# 指数运算符
echo "10^2" | bc
#100

# 使用变量
echo "var=5;--var"| bc
#4

    Time

    [back to top]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    time echo hi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如10秒）
    sleep 10
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如10秒）
    TMOUT=10
# 一旦你设置了这个变量，注销计时器开始运行！
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 仅仅运行 `sleep 10` 一秒。
timeout 1 sleep 10
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，从现在开始 1分钟）
    at now + 1min  # 时间单位可以是 minutes, hours, days, 或 weeks
⚠️: 命令将使用 /bin/sh
at> echo hihigithub >~/itworks
at> <EOT>   # 按 Ctrl + D 退出
job 1 at Wed Apr 18 11:16:00 2018

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    Download

    [回到顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (你正在看的内容)
    curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -f markdown -t man | man -l -

# 或者 w3m (一种基于文本的浏览器和呼叫器)
curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc | w3m -T text/html

# 或者使用emacs (在emac文本编辑器中)
emacs --eval '(org-mode)' --insert <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -t org)

# 或者使用 emacs (在终端上先按Ctrl+x，再按Ctrl+c退出)
emacs -nw --eval '(org-mode)' --insert <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/onceupon/Bash-Oneliner/master/README.md | pandoc -t org)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    wget -r -l1 -H -t1 -nd -N -np -A mp3 -e robots=off http://example.com

# -r: recursive and download all links on page递归并下载页面上所有链接
# -l1: only one level link仅一级链接
# -H: span host, visit other hosts跨越主机，访问其他主机
# -t1: numbers of retries重试次数
# -nd: don't make new directories, download to here不要创建新目录，下载到这里
# -N: turn on timestamp打开时间戳
# -nd: no parent没有父级
# -A: type (separate by ,)类型（以，豆号分隔）
# -e robots=off: ignore the robots.txt file which stop wget from crashing the site, sorry example.com忽略robots.txt文件，该文件阻止wget使网站崩溃，抱歉example.com
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (https://transfer.sh/)
    #  上传文件 (例如： filename.txt):
curl --upload-file ./filename.txt https://transfer.sh/filename.txt
# 上面的命令将返回一个url，例如：https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt

# 接下来您可以通过以下方式下载它:
curl https://transfer.sh/tG8rM/filename.txt -o filename.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（如有需要）
    data=file.txt
url=http://www.example.com/$data
if [ ! -s $data ];then
    echo "downloading test data..."
    wget $url
fi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 命令获取文件名 (当文件名很长时)
    wget -O filename "http://example.com"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 将文件保存到文件夹
    wget -P /path/to/directory "http://example.com"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，直到到达最终目的地:
    curl -L google.com

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    随机

    [back to top]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，生成5个长度为13的密码）
    sudo apt install pwgen
pwgen 13 5
#sahcahS9dah4a xieXaiJaey7xa UuMeo0ma7eic9 Ahpah9see3zai acerae7Huigh7
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    shuf -n 100 filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    for i in a b c d e; do echo $i; done| shuf
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如，从0-100 内随机选择15个数字）
    shuf -i 0-100 -n 15
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo $RANDOM
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo $((RANDOM % 10))
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo $(((RANDOM %10)+1))

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    Xwindow

    [回到顶部]

    X11 GUI 应用程序! 如果你对纯文本的环境感到厌烦，这里有一些适合你的 GUI 工具。

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... X11 转发，以便在服务器上使用图形应用程序。
    ssh -X user_name@ip_address

# 或者通过 xhost 设置
# --> Install the following for Centos:
# xorg-x11-xauth
# xorg-x11-fonts-*
# xorg-x11-utils
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... xwindow 工具
    xclock
xeyes
xcowsay
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器中打开图片/图像
    1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install eog
3. eog picture.png
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 在服务器上观看视频
    1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. sudo apt install mpv
3. mpv myvideo.mp4
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... gedit (GUI 编辑)
    1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install gedit
3. gedit filename.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器上打开 PDF
    1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install evince
3. evince filename.pdf
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ssh 服务器上使用谷歌浏览器
    1\. ssh -X user_name@ip_address
2. apt-get install libxss1 libappindicator1 libindicator7
3. wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
4. sudo apt-get install -f
5. dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb
6. google-chrome

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    系统

    [back to top]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    journalctl -u <service_name> -f
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 僵尸进程已经死了，所以你不能杀死它。您可以消除通过杀死其父进程。
# 首先，找到僵尸进程的PID
ps aux| grep 'Z'
# 接下来发现僵尸的父进程的PID
pstree -p -s <zombie_PID>
# 然后你可以杀死它的父进程，你会发现僵尸进程已经不见了。
sudo kill 9 <parent_PID>
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    free -c 10 -mhs 1
# 每隔1秒打印10次
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。
    #每秒刷新一次
iostat -x -t 1
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如 enp175s0f0）
    iftop -i enp175s0f0
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    uptime
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    if [ "$EUID" -ne 0 ]; then
        echo "Please run this as root"
        exit 1
fi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...： bonnie)
    chsh -s /bin/sh bonnie
# /etc/shells: valid login shells
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 更改 root 为 newroot)
    chroot /home/newroot /bin/bash

# To exit chroot
exit
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（例如filename.txt）的文件状态（大小；访问、修改和更改时间等）
    stat filename.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ps aux
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    pstree
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    dmesg
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    $ip add show

# or
ifconfig
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    打印以前和当前的 SysV 运行级别
    runlevel

#或者
who -r
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... SysV 运行级别 (例如修改为 5)
    init 5
#或者
telinit 5
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    chkconfig --list
# 相当于 ubntu 中 chkconfig 的 update-rc.d
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat /etc/*-release
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 程序员的手册:文件系统的层次结构的说明
    man hier
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    #  检查 cron 的状态
systemctl status cron.service

#  停止一个 cron 服务
systemctl stop cron.service
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    jobs -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 ./test.sh)
    # 较好的值在 -20 （最有利）到 19 之间调整
# 应用程序越好，优先级越低
# 默认值:10 ,默认优先级:80

nice -10 ./test.sh
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    export PATH=$PATH:~/path/you/want
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    让文件可执行
    chmod +x filename
# 现在你可以执行 ./filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    uname -a

# 检查系统硬件平台 (x86-64)
uname -i
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    links www.google.com
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，设置密码
    useradd username
passwd username
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 变量（例如显示整个路径）
    1\. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. export PS1='\u@\h:\w\$'
# $PS1 是一个定义命令提示符外观和样式的变量
3\. source ~/.bash_profile
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 alias)
    1\. joe ~/.bash_profile
2. alias pd="pwd" //no more need to type that 'w'!
3\. source ~/.bash_profile
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    alias -p
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如别名 ls='ls --color=auto' 之后)
    unalias ls
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... shell 选项
    # 打印所有的 shell 选项
shopt

# 取消(或者停止)别名
shopt -u expand_aliases

# 设置(或者开始)别名
shopt -s expand_aliases
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 PATH)
    echo $PATH
#用冒号分隔的目录列表
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    env
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    Unset 环境变量 (e.g. unset 变量 'MYVAR')
    unset MYVAR
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lsblk
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    partprobe
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bin
    ln -s /path/to/program /home/usr/bin
# 必须是程序的绝对路径
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    hexdump -C filename.class
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    rsh node_name
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...（占用的网络端口）
    netstat -tulpn
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    readlink filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. python)
    type python
# python 是 /usr/bin/python
# 这里有5中不同的类型，使用 'type -f' 标志进行检查
# 1\. alias    (shell alias)
# 2\. function (shell function, 也会打印函数主体)
# 3\. builtin  (shell builtin)
# 4\. file     (disk file)
# 5\. keyword  (shell reserved word)

# 你也可以使用 `which`
which python
# /usr/bin/python
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    declare -F
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    du -hs .

# or
du -sb
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    复制使用权限目录
    cp -rp /path/to/directory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    pushd .

# then pop
popd

#或着使用dirs显示当前所在目录的列表。
dirs -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    df -h

# 或者
du -h

#或者
du -sk /var/log/* |sort -rn |head -10
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    runlevel
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    init 3

#或者
telinit 3
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    1\. edit /etc/init/rc-sysinit.conf
2. env DEFAULT_RUNLEVEL=2
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... root 用户
    su
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    su somebody
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    repquota -auvs
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    getent database_name

# (e.g.  'passwd' 数据库)
getent passwd
# 列出所有用户帐户（所有本地帐户和LDAP）

# (e.g. 获取用户组列表)
getent group
# 在 'group' 数据库保存
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    chown user_name filename
chown -R user_name /path/to/directory/
# 改变用户组名称
    挂载和取消挂载
    # 例如 挂载 /dev/sdb 到 /home/test
mount /dev/sdb /home/test

# 例如 取消挂载 /home/test
umount /home/test
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    mount
# 或者
df
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat /etc/passwd
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    getent passwd| awk '{FS="[:]"; print $1}'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    compgen -u
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    compgen -g
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    group username
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... uid，gid，用户组
    id username
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... root
    if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ];then
    echo "You are not root!"
    exit;
fi
# 'id -u' output 0 if it's not root
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... CPU 信息
    more /proc/cpuinfo

# 或者
lscpu
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如磁盘软大小限制: 120586240; 硬限制: 125829120)
    setquota username 120586240 125829120 0 0 /home
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    quota -v username
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ldconfig -p
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 for 'ls')
    ldd /bin/ls
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lastlog
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    编辑所有用户的路径
    joe /etc/environment
#编辑这个文件
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ulimit -u
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... TCP 连接
    nmap -sT -O localhost
#notice that some companies might not like you using nmap
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    nproc --all
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    1\. top
2. press '1'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... PID
    jobs -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    service --status-all
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    shutdown -r +5 "Server will restart in 5 minutes. Please save your work."
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    shutdown -c
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    wall -n hihi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    pkill -U user_name
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    kill -9 $(ps aux | grep 'program_name' | awk '{print $2}')
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    在服务器上设置 gedit 首选项
    # 你可能需要去安装以下软件:

apt-get install libglib2.0-bin;
# 或者
yum install dconf dconf-editor;
yum install dbus dbus-x11;

# 检查列表
gsettings list-recursively

# 修改一些设置
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor highlight-current-line true
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor scheme 'cobalt'
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor use-default-font false
gsettings set org.gnome.gedit.preferences.editor editor-font 'Cantarell Regular 12'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 把用户名为「nice」的永不添加到分组「docker」,这样此用户就可以在不用 sudo 的情况下运行 docker)
    sudo gpasswd -a nice docker
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... python 包
    1\. pip 安装 --用户 package_name
2. 你可能需要将  ~/.local/bin/ 导出到  PATH: export PATH=$PATH:~/.local/bin/
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Linux内核 (当 /boot 几乎满的时候...)
    1\. uname -a  #检查当前内核，哪些是不能移除的
2\. sudo apt-get purge linux-image-X.X.X-X-generic  #替代掉旧的版本
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo hostname your-new-name

#如果不起作用，也可以:
hostnamectl set-hostname your-new-hostname
# 然后检查:
hostnamectl
# 或者检查 /etc/hostname

# 如果一直不工作....,编辑：
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ensxxx
#增加 主机名="你的新主机名称"
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    apt list --installed

# 或者在 Red Hat:
yum list installed
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lsof /mnt/dir
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    killall pulseaudio
# 然后按下 Alt-F2 并输入 pulseaudio
    当声音不工作的时候
    killall pulseaudio
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... SCSI 设备信息列表
    lsscsi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... DNS 服务器教程

    http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    http://onceuponmine.blogspot....

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... telnet 去测试开放的端口，测试是否可以连接到服务器例如服务器(192.168.2.106) 端口(53)
    telnet 192.168.2.106 53
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (mtu) (例如修改到9000)
    ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... pid (例如 python)
    pidof python

# 或者
ps aux|grep python
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # Start ntp:
ntpd

# 检查 ntp:
ntpq -p
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get clean
sudo rm -rf ~/.cache/thumbnails/*

# 删除旧的内核
sudo dpkg --list 'linux-image*'
sudo apt-get remove linux-image-OLDER_VERSION
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (根分区是 LVM 逻辑卷)
    pvscan
lvextend -L +130G /dev/rhel/root -r
# 添加 -r 将在调整卷大小后增加到文件系统
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    创建UEFI可引导USB驱动器 (比如; /dev/sdc1)
    sudo dd if=~/path/to/isofile.iso of=/dev/sdc1 oflag=direct bs=1048576
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo dpkg -l | grep <package_name>
sudo dpkg --purge <package_name>
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ssh -f -L 9000:targetservername:8088 root@192.168.14.72 -N
#-f: 在后台运行; -L: 监听; -N: 什么也不做
# 你计算机的9000端口现在已经连接上了目标服务器名字192.168.14.72的8088端口
# 所以你现在可以去打开浏览器输入localhost:9000去查看你的目标计算机的8088端口了
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如： sublime_text)
    #pidof 获取进程id
pidof sublime_text

#pgrep, 你不必键入整个程序名
pgrep sublim

#pgrep, 如果找到进程，则返回1；如果没有此类进程，则返回0

pgrep -q sublime_text && echo 1 || echo 0

#top, 需要更长的时间

top|grep sublime_text
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    aio-stress - AIO benchmark. bandwidth - memory bandwidth benchmark. bonnie++ - hard drive and file system performance benchmark. dbench - generate I/O workloads to either a filesystem or to a networked CIFS or NFS server. dnsperf - authorative and recursing DNS servers. filebench - model based file system workload generator. fio - I/O benchmark. fs_mark - synchronous/async file creation benchmark. httperf - measure web server performance. interbench - linux interactivity benchmark. ioblazer - multi-platform storage stack micro-benchmark. iozone - filesystem benchmark. iperf3 - measure TCP/UDP/SCTP performance. kcbench - kernel compile benchmark, compiles a kernel and measures the time it takes. lmbench - Suite of simple, portable benchmarks. netperf - measure network performance, test unidirectional throughput, and end-to-end latency. netpipe - network protocol independent performance evaluator. nfsometer - NFS performance framework. nuttcp - measure network performance. phoronix-test-suite - comprehensive automated testing and benchmarking platform. seeker - portable disk seek benchmark. siege - http load tester and benchmark. sockperf - network benchmarking utility over socket API. spew - measures I/O performance and/or generates I/O load. stress - workload generator for POSIX systems. sysbench - scriptable database and system performance benchmark. tiobench - threaded IO benchmark. unixbench - the original BYTE UNIX benchmark suite, provide a basic indicator of the performance of a Unix-like system. wrk - HTTP benchmark.

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。
    lastb
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，打印他们的信息
    who
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    w
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...。
    users
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    在终止程序上停止跟踪一个文件
    tail -f --pid=<PID> filename.txt
# 用程序的进程 ID 替换 <PID>
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    systemctl list-unit-files|grep enabled

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    [back to top]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lshw -json >report.json
# 其他的选项: [ -html ]  [ -short ]  [ -xml ]  [ -json ]  [ -businfo ]  [ -sanitize ] ,etc
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo dmidecode -t memory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... CPU 硬件细节
    dmidecode -t 4
#          类型   信息
#          0   BIOS
#          1   系统
#          2   基板
#          3   机壳
#          4   处理器
#          5   内存控制器
#          6   内存模块
#          7   缓存
#          8   端口连接器
#          9   系统槽
#         11   OEM 字符串
#         13   BIOS 语言
#         15   系统事件日志
#         16   物理内存数组
#         17   存储设备
#         18   32位内存错误
#         19   存储映射地址
#         20   存储设备映射地址
#         21   内置定位设备
#         22   便携式电池
#         23   系统重置
#         24   硬件安全性
#         25   系统电源控制
#         26   电压探头
#         27   冷却装置
#         28   温度探测器
#         29   电流探头
#         30   待外远程访问
#         31   引导完整性服务
#         32   系统启动
#         34   管理装置
#         35   管理设备组件
#         36   管理设备阈值数据
#         37   内存通道
#         38   IPMI 设备
#         39   电力供应
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lsscsi|grep SEAGATE|wc -l
# 或者
sg_map -i -x|grep SEAGATE|wc -l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    或者硬盘的 UUID (例如 sdb)
    blkid /dev/sdb
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    lsblk -io KNAME,TYPE,MODEL,VENDOR,SIZE,ROTA
#其中 ROTA 表示旋转设备/旋转硬盘 (1 为真, 0 为假)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... PCI (外围设置互连) 设备
    lspci
# 列出关于 NIC 信息
lspci | egrep -i --color 'network|ethernet'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... USB 设备
    lsusb
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 模块
    # 显示 Linux 内核中模块状态
lsmod

# 从 Linux 内核中增加或者移除模块
modprobe

# 或者
# Remove a module
rmmod

# 插入模块
insmod
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IPMI-enabled 设备 (e.g. BMC)
    # 远程查看服务器的电源状态
ipmitool -U <bmc_username> -P <bmc_password> -I lanplus -H <bmc_ip_address> power status

# 远程开启服务器
ipmitool -U <bmc_username> -P <bmc_password> -I lanplus -H <bmc_ip_address> power on

# 打开面板识别灯(默认 15秒)
ipmitool chassis identify 255

#或者服务器传感器温度
ipmitool sensors |grep -i Temp

# 重置 BMC
ipmitool bmc reset cold

# Prnt BMC 网络
ipmitool lan print 1

# 设置 BMC 网络
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 ipaddr 192.168.0.55
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 netmask 255.255.255.0
ipmitool -I bmc lan set 1 defgw ipaddr 192.168.0.1

    网络

    [回到顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IP 地址
    ip a
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    ip r
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... ARP 缓存 (ARP 缓存显示你连接到的同一网络设备的 MAC 地址)
    ip n
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... IP 地址 (重启后重置) (例如 增加 192.168.140.3/24到 设备 eno16777736)
    ip address add 192.168.140.3/24 dev eno16777736
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enoxxx
# 然后编辑字段: BOOTPROT, DEVICE, IPADDR, NETMASK, GATEWAY, DNS1 etc
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... NetworkManager
    sudo nmcli c reload
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sudo systemctl restart network.service
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... hostname, OS, kernal, architecture !
    hostnamectl
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (一次设置所有临时，静态，漂亮的主机名)
    hostnamectl set-hostname "mynode"

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...

    其他

    [回到顶部]

    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 自动完成 (例如 当你输入「dothis」，然后按下 「tab」,显示「now tomorrow never」)

    更多的案例

    完成 -W  "now tomorrow never" dothis
# ~$ dothis  
# 从不     现在       明天
# 输入「n」或者「t」之后，再次按「tab」 键以自动完成
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... n 次(例如重复打印5次「hello world」)
    printf 'hello world\n%.0s' {1..5}
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... Base64 的字符串
    echo test|base64
#dGVzdAo=
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    username=`echo -n "bashoneliner"`
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    dirname `pwd`
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如复制文件 A 到文件(B-D))
    tee <fileA fileB fileC fileD >/dev/null
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    tr --delete '\n' <input.txt >output.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    tr '\n' ' ' <filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    tr /a-z/ /A-Z/
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 把 a-z 都转换为 a)
    echo 'something' |tr a-z a
# aaaaaaaaa
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 fileA, fileB)
    diff fileA fileB
# a: 被增加; d:删除; c:被修改

# 或者
sdiff fileA fileB
# 文件差异的并排合并
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    比较两个文件, 删除掉尾部回车(例如 fileA, fileB)
     diff fileA fileB --strip-trailing-cr
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如给 fileA 编号)
    nl fileA

#或者
nl -nrz fileA
# add leading zeros

#也可以
nl -w1 -s ' '
# making it simple, blank separate
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tab 键按字段连接两个文件 (默认连接按照文件的第一列连接, 默认分隔符是空格)
    # 文件 A 和文件 B 应该有相同的行顺序
join -t '\t' fileA fileB

# 使用指定字段加入 (例如 文件 A 的第三列和文件 B 的第五列)
join -1 3 -2 5 fileA fileB
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 fileA, fileB, fileC)
    paste fileA fileB fileC
# 默认选项分开
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo 12345| rev
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .gz 文件但不解压
    zmore filename

# 或者
zless filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...，输出错误文件
    some_commands  &>log &

# 或者
some_commands 2>log &

# 或者
some_commands 2>&1| tee logfile

# 或者
some_commands |& tee logfile

# 还可以
some_commands 2>&1 >>outfile
#0: 标准输入; 1: 标准输出; 2: 标准错误
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 按顺序运行
(sleep 2; sleep 3) &

#并行运行
sleep 2 & sleep 3 &
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    即便注销也可以运行进程 (immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty)
    # 例如即便注销也会运行 myscript.sh 脚本
nohup bash myscript.sh
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    下面是邮件的内容 -a /path/to/attach_file.txt -s 'mail.subject' me@gmail.com
# use -a flag to set send from (-a "From: some@mail.tld")
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .xls 转换为 csv
    xls2csv filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如附加 hihi 内容到指定文件)
    echo 'hihi' >>filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... BEEP 的声音
    speaker-test -t sine -f 1000 -l1
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... beep 声音的持续时间
    (speaker-test -t sine -f 1000) & pid=$!;sleep 0.1s;kill -9 $pid
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 编辑/删除
    ~/.bash_history

#或者
history -d [line_number]
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # list 5 previous command (similar to `history |tail -n 5` but wont print the history command itself)
fc -l -5
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    head !$
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...:还挺好使)
    clear

# 或者
Ctrl+l
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat /directory/to/file
echo 100>!$
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .xf
    unxz filename.tar.xz
# 然后
tar -xf filename.tar
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... python 包
    pip install packagename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... bash 命令
    Ctrl+U

# 或者
Ctrl+C

# 或者
Alt+Shift+#
# 成为历史
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    向历史添加一些东西 (例如 「addmetohistory」)
    # addmetodistory
# just add a "#" before~~
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    sleep 5;echo hi
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... rsync 备份
    rsync -av filename filename.bak
rsync -av directory directory.bak
rsync -av --ignore_existing directory/ directory.bak
rsync -av --update directory directory.bak

rsync -av directory user@ip_address:/path/to/directory.bak
#跳过接收器上更新的文件 (我更喜欢这个!)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    mkdir -p project/{lib/ext,bin,src,doc/{html,info,pdf},demo/stat}
# -p: 设置为父目录
# 这将制造 project/doc/html/; project/doc/info; project/lib/ext ,etc
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cd tmp/ && tar xvf ~/a.tar
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cd tmp/a/b/c ||mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    tar xvf -C /path/to/directory filename.gz
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... "" 来中断长命令
    cd tmp/a/b/c \
> || \
>mkdir -p tmp/a/b/c
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... pwd
    VAR=$PWD; cd ~; tar xvf -C $VAR file.tar
# PWD 必须是大写字母
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. /tmp/)
    file /tmp/
# tmp/: directory
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 脚本
    #!/bin/bash
file=${1#*.}
# remove string before a "."
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 简单的 HTTP 服务
    python -m SimpleHTTPServer
# 或者你使用 python3 的时候:
python3 -m http.server
    读取用户输入
    read input
echo $input
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 1-10
    seq 10
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    i=`wc -l filename|cut -d ' ' -f1`; cat filename| echo "scale=2;(`paste -sd+`)/"$i|bc
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 1,2)
    echo {1,2}{1,2}
# 1 1, 1 2, 2 1, 2 2
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. A,T,C,G)
    set = {A,T,C,G}
group= 5
for ((i=0; i<$group; i++));do
    repetition=$set$repetition;done
    bash -c "echo "$repetition""
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    foo=$(<test1)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo ${#foo}
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo -e ' \t '
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    declare -a array=()

# 或者
declare array=()

# 或者关联数组
declare -A array=()
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    scp -r directoryname user@ip:/path/to/send
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 按行分割 (e.g. 1000 lines/smallfile)
split -d -l 1000 largefile.txt

# 按字节分割而不会在文件间断行
split -C 10 largefile.txt
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g 100000 个文件, 10 字节分割):
    #1\. 创建文件
dd if=/dev/zero of=bigfile bs=1 count=1000000

#2\. 将大文件拆分为100000个10字节文件
 split -b 10 -a 10 bigfile
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (e.g. 将所有文件重命名为ABC)
    rename 's/ABC//' *.gz
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 删除filename.gz的.gz)
    basename filename.gz .gz

zcat filename.gz> $(basename filename.gz .gz).unpacked
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B...
    叉炸弹(危险命令的意思)
    # 不要在家尝试这个
# 它是一个每次调用都会调用两次的函数，直到系统资源耗尽为止
# 为了安全起见在前面加了一个 #,当你真正测试的时候，请移除它
# :(){:|:&};:
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... .txt)
    rename s/$/.txt/ *
# 你可以使用重命名 -n s/$/.txt/ * 首先去检查结果,如果它仅仅打印这些:
# rename(a, a.txt)
# rename(b, b.txt)
# rename(c, c.txt)
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (例如 /t/t --> /t)
    tr -s "/t" < filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... echo 打印 nextline
    echo -e 'text here \c'
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    !$
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    echo $?
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    head -c 50 file
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    # 例如
# AAAA
# BBBB
# CCCC
# DDDD
cat filename|paste - -
# AAAABBBB
# CCCCDDDD
cat filename|paste - - - -
# AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 转 fasta
    cat file.fastq | paste - - - - | sed 's/^@/>/g'| cut -f1-2 | tr '\t' '\n' >file.fa
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... 
    cat file|rev | cut -d/ -f1 | rev
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... i++ 中添加一个变数字量(例如 $val)
    ((var++))
# 或者
var=$((var+1))
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... (比如 filename)
    >filename
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tar.bz2 文件 (例如解压文件 file.tar.bz2)
    tar xvfj file.tar.bz2
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... tar.xz 文件 (例如解压 file.tar.xz)
    unxz file.tar.xz
tar xopf file.tar
    [](https://github.com/onceupon/B... y/n 直到终止
    # 'y':
yes

# 或者 'n':
yes n

# 或者 'anything':
yes anything

# 例如:

    yes | rm -r large_directory

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#create-dummy-file-of-certain-size-instantly-eg-200mb)



##### 立即创建一定大小的虚拟文件 (例如 200mb)

    dd if=/dev/zero of=//dev/shm/200m bs=1024k count=200

    或者

    dd if=/dev/zero of=//dev/shm/200m bs=1M count=200

    标准输出:

    200+0 条记录

    200+0 记录出来

    209715200 bytes (210 MB) copied, 0.0955679 s, 2.2 GB/s

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#cat-to-a-file)把文件归档

    cat >myfile
    让我在这补充一下
    exit by control + c
    ^C

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#keep-repeatedly-executing-the-same-command-eg-repeat-wc--l-filename-every-1-second)保持重复执行同一个命令 (例如 每一秒重复一次  'wc -l filename' )

    watch -n 1 wc -l filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#print-commands-and-their-arguments-when-execute-eg-echo-expr-10--20-)执行时打印命令以及其参数(例如 echo `expr 10 + 20 `)

    set -x; echo expr 10 + 20 

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#print-some-meaningful-sentences-to-you-install-fortune-first)为你打印一些有意义的句子(首先安装 fortune )

    fortune

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#colorful-and-useful-version-of-top-install-htop-first)丰富多彩的 (有用的) top 版本(首先安装 htop)

    htop

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#press-any-key-to-continue)按任意键继续

    read -rsp $'Press any key to continue...n' -n1 key

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#run-sql-like-command-on-files-from-terminal)从终端中运行类似 sql 的命令

    下载:

    https://github.com/harelba/q

    例如:

    q -d "," "select c3,c4,c5 from /path/to/file.txt where c3='foo' and c5='boo'"

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#using-screen-for-multiple-terminal-sessions)将 Screen 用于多个终端回话

    创建会话并附加:

    screen

    创建分离的会话 foo:

    screen -S foo -d -m

    独立会话 foo:

    screen: ^a^d

    会话列表:

    screen -ls

    附加到上一个会话:

    screen -r

    附加到会话 foo:

    screen -r foo

    杀掉会话 foo:

    screen -r foo -X quit

    滚动:

    点击屏幕前缀组合 (C-a / control+A),然后按下 Escape.
    上下移动方向键(↑ and ↓).

    重定向屏幕中已经运行进程的输出:

    (C-a / control+A), then hit 'H'

    存储屏幕的屏幕实处:

    Ctrl+A, Shift+H

    然后再当前的目录下找到 screen.log 文件

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#using-tmux-for-multiple-terminal-sessions)使用 


##### 将 Tmux用于多个终端回话

    创建会话并附加:

    tmux

    附加到会话 foo:

    tmux attach -t foo

    分离的会话 foo:

    ^bd

    会话列表:

    tmux ls

    附加上一个会话:

    tmux attach

    杀死会话 foo:

    tmux kill-session -t foo

    创建独立会话 foo:

    tmux new -s foo -d

    将命令发送到 tmux 的所有窗格:

    Ctrl-B
    :setw synchronize-panes

    一些 tmux 窗格控制的命令:

    Ctrl-B

    窗格 (分割), 按下 Ctrl+B，然后输入以下字符:

    % horizontal split

    " vertical split

    o swap panes

    q show pane numbers

    x kill pane

    空间 - 在布局之间进行切换

    垂直分布 (行):

    select-layout even-vertical

    或者

    Ctrl+b, Alt+2

    垂直分布 (列):

    select-layout even-horizontal

    或者

    Ctrl+b, Alt+1

    Scroll

    Ctrl-b 然后 [ 然后你可以使用你的正常方向键来滚动
    Press q to quit scroll mode.

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#cut-the-last-column)剪切最后一行

    cat filename|rev|cut -f1|rev

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#pass-password-to-ssh)将密码传输给 ssh

    sshpass -p mypassword ssh root@10.102.14.88 "df -h"

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#wait-for-a-pid-job-to-complete)等待一个  pid (任务)完成

    wait %1

    或者

    wait $PID
    wait ${!}

    wait ${!} 要等待最后一个后台进程 ($! 为最后一个后台进程的 PIID)

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-pdf-to-txt)将 pdf 转换为 txt

    sudo apt-get install poppler-utils
    pdftotext example.pdf example.txt

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#list-only-directory)只列出目录

    ls -ld -- */

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#capturerecordsave-terminal-output-capture-everything-you-type-and-output)捕获/j记录/保存终端输出(捕获你输入和输出的所有内容)

    script output.txt

    开始使用终端l

    退出屏幕会话 (停止保存内容), 退出.

    

##### 以树状格式列出目录的内容。

    tree

    转到要列出的目录，然后键入 tree (sudo apt-get install tree)

    output:

    home/

    └── project

    ├── 1

    ├── 2

    ├── 3

    ├── 4

    └── 5

    设置目录深度等级（例如1级）

    tree -L 1

    home/

    └── project

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#set-up-virtualenvsandbox-for-python)为 Python设置 virtualenv（sandbox）

    1. 安装 virtualenv.

    sudo apt-get install virtualenv

    2. 为新的隔离环境建立目录（将其命名为 .venv 或您想要的任何名称）。

    virtualenv .venv

    3. 导入 virtual 执行目录

    source .venv/bin/activate

    4. 您可以检查一下是否现在在沙盒中

    type pip

    5. 现在您可以安装您的 pip 包, 这里的 requirements.txt 只是一个包含您想要的所有软件包的 txt 文件 (例如 tornado==4.5.3)。

    pip install -r requirements.txt

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#working-with-json-data)使用 json 数据

    安装非常有用的 jq 包

    sudo apt-get install jq

    e.g. to get all the values of the 'url' key, simply pipe the json to the following jq command(you can use .[]. to select inner json, i.e jq '.[].url')

    例如，要获取 url 键的所有值，只需将 json 通过管道传递给以下 jq 命令（您可以使用 [] 选择内部 json，即 jq '[].url'）

    jq '.url'

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#editing-your-history)编辑 history

    history -w
    vi ~/.bash_history
    history -r

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#decimal-to-binary-eg-get-binary-of-5)十进制转换为二进制（例如，获取 5 的二进制 ）

    D2B=({0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1}{0..1})
    echo -e ${D2B[5]}

    00000101

    echo -e ${D2B[255]}

    11111111

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#wrap-each-input-line-to-fit-in-specified-width-eg-4-integers-per-line)把输入的行换行以适应指定的宽度(例如每行 4 个整数)

    echo "00110010101110001101" | fold -w4

    0011

    0010

    1011

    1000

    1101

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#sort-a-file-by-column-and-keep-the-original-order)按列对文件进行排序，并保持原始顺序

    sort -k3,3 -s

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#right-align-a-column-right-align-the-2nd-column)列右对齐(第二列右对齐)

    cat file.txt|rev|column -t|rev

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#to-both-view-and-store-the-output)查看和存储输出

    echo 'hihihihi' | tee outputfile.txt

    tee 带 “-a” 可以附加到文件中

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#show-non-printing-ctrl-characters-with-cat)使用 cat 显示非打印（Ctrl）字符

    cat -v filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-tab-to-space)将制表符转换为空格

    expand filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#convert-space-to-tab)将空格转换为制表符

    unexpand filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#display-file-in-octal--you-can-also-use-od-to-display-hexadecimal-decimal-etc)以八进制显示文件（您也可以使用 od 显示十六进制，十进制等）

    od filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#reverse-cat-a-file)反转 `cat` 的结果

    tac filename

    
##### [](https://github.com/onceupon/Bash-OneLiner#reverse-the-result-from-uniq--c)反转 `uniq -c` 的结果

    while read a b; do yes $b |head -n $a ;done <test.txt

    
> 未来还有更多！
    phplaravel
    本文系转载，阅读原文
    https://learnku.com/laravel/t/35317
    summerblue
    11k 声望15.4k 粉丝

    刻意练习，每日精进

    « 上一篇
    扩展包推荐 —— Laravel Log 增强
    下一篇 »
    Laravel REST API 响应生成器

    引用和评论

    推荐阅读
    头像
    PHP 基金会，是个好事 (PHP Foundation)

    summerblue赞 18阅读 4.9k评论 1

    头像
    这些年

    注销赞 2阅读 4k

    头像
    一个用JavaScript生成思维导图(mindmap)的github repo

    注销赞 1阅读 6.2k

    头像
    从零开始 Elasticsearh Docker 单机集群

    zzMeow赞 1阅读 2.8k

    头像
    如何使用Visual Studio Code调试PHP CLI应用和Web应用

    注销赞 1阅读 2.5k

    头像
    深度剖析 Swoole6 PHP 多线程实现原理

    韩天峰赞 1阅读 959

    头像
    浅谈Fiori Design Guidelines

    注销阅读 2.2k

    0 条评论
    得票最新