创建 Ajax 对象

  1. IE: var xhr=new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');
  2. W3C 和 IE8 以上: var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest();

封装 XMLHttpRequest 对象(兼容)

function createAjax() {
  if (window.navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE") > 0) {
    var xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
    //alert("IE");
  } else {
    var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
    //alert("W3C");
  }
  return xhr;
}

或者

function createAjax() {
  try {
    return new XMLHttpRequest();
  }
  cetch(e);
  {
  }
  try {
    return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
  } catch (e) {}
  alert("浏览器过时");
}

Ajax 的方法

  • open(method,url[,async]) 初始化 ajax 对象

    • method=get||post url=请求地址 async=是否异步请求(默认 true)
  • setRequestHeader(header,value)

    • 设置请求头信息(一般 post)
    • header:请求头 value:请求头信息
  • send(content) 发送请求
  • content:写到 HTTP 请求空白处的参数 如果是 GET 请求写 null

Ajax 属性

  • readyState: 状态码(Ajax 对象从创建到发送,它的状态码会发生变化)
0:对象已建立,但没有初始化
1:对象初始化,没发送
2:已经调用 send
3: 正在接收数据
4:接收完成
  • onreadystatechange 当 ajax 对象的状态码发生变化是所触发的回调函数
  • status http 的响应状态码
  • statusText http 响应状态文本
  • responseText 服务器端返回的数据(字符串)
  • responseXML 服务器端返回的数据(XML 形式)

入门案例

var Ajax = createAjax();
Ajax.open("get", "ajax.php");
Ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
  if (Ajax.readyState == 4) {
    alert(Ajax.responseText); //返回 php 文件中 echo 的数据
  }
  //alert(Ajax.readyState);
};
Ajax.send(null);

Ajax 的 get 请求

  • 使用 get 计算两数之和

php 文件:

<?php
echo $_GET['num1']+$_GET['num2'];
?>

html 文件:

<script language="javascript" src="Ajax.js"></script>
<script language="javascript">
  onload = function() {
    $("ok").onclick = function() {
      var num1 = $("num1").value;
      var num2 = $("num2").value;
      var ajax = createAjax();
      ajax.open("get", "jisuan.php?num1=" + num1 + "&num2=" + num2);
      ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (ajax.readyState == 4) {
          $("res").innerHTML = ajax.responseText;
        }
      };
      ajax.send(null);
    };
  };
</script>

<input type="text" id="num1" /><br />
<input type="text" id="num2" /><br />
<input type="button" id="ok" value="OK" /><br />
<span id="res"></span>
当请求的 php 页面不存在返回 404 信息(不希望)
所以加一个条件 if(ajax.readyState==4&&ajax.status==200)

在 IE 浏览器中第一次 GET 请求会缓存起来 如果下次 URL 相同,IE 会从缓存中拿出来

案例

判断用户名是否可用

<?php
$user=$_GET['user'];
$mysqli=new mysqli('localhost:3306','root','admin','ajax');
$mysqli->query("select * from admin where user='$user'");
$res=$mysqli->affected_rows;
if($res==0)
{
    echo 2;
}else
{
    echo 1;
}
$mysqli->close();
?>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script language="javascript" src="Ajax.js"></script>
<script language="javascript">
  onload = function() {
    //失去焦点时
    $("user").onblur = function() {
      var user = $("user").value;
      var ajax = createAjax();
      ajax.open("get", "check.php?user=" + user);
      ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
        if (ajax.readyState == 4 && ajax.status == 200) {
          if (ajax.responseText == 1) {
            //alert();
            $("info").innerHTML = "占用";
          } else {
            $("info").innerHTML = "可以";
          }
        }
      };
      ajax.send(null);
    };
  };
</script>
<div align="center">
  <form>
    用户名:<input type="text" id="user" /><span id="info"></span><br />
    密 码:<input type="text" id="pass1" /><br />
    确 认:<input type="text" id="pass2" /><br />
    <input type="button" value="注册" id="ok" />
  </form>
</div>

解决低版本 IE 缓存问题

  • 随机数
    var url='xxx.php?\_='+Math.random();
    缺点:产生大量缓存,概率有重复
  • 时间戳
    var url='xxx.php?\_='+new Date().getTime();//毫秒时间戳
  • 设置请求头
    setRequestHeader('if-Modified-Since','0');
    在客户端不产生缓存文件
  • 禁用缓存

    header('Cache-Control:no-cache,numst-revalidate');
    header 是在 http 响应头中写数据

请求方式

get 只能传输字符串数据
post 可以传输字符串和二进制数据

  • post 请求
ajax.setRequestHeader("content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
post 请求不会产生缓存问题
var ajax = createAjax();
ajax.open("post", "post.php");
ajax.setRequestHeader("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
  \$("res").innerHTML = ajax.responseText;
};
ajax.send("num1=" + num1 + "&num2=" + num2);

利用 xml 返回数据

  • js 解析 dom
var xml=ajax.responseXML;
node=xml.getElementsByTagName('TagName');
node[0].childNodes[0].nodeValue;
  • 服务器生成 xml 文件
(1). $str='<num>';
     $str.='<num1>'.$va1.'</numl>';
     $str.='<num2>'.$va2.'</num2>';
     $str.='<num3>'.$va3.'</num3>';
     $str.='</num>';

(2). $str=<<< str
     <num>
     <num1>$va1</num1>
<num2>$va2</num2>
     <num3>$va3</num3>
</num>
str;

响应 xml 文件 header('Content-Type:text/xml');
返回 xml 格式 echo &dollar;str;

  • 得到数据
    用 responseXML 属性获取

json

  • 在 PHP 中生成 json 数据

echo json_encode($arr||$obj);

  • 在 ajax 中生成 json 对象(二维数组生成 json 数组)

var json=eval('('+ajax.responseText+')');

案例:

<script language='javascript'>
function $(id)
{
    return document.getElementById(id);
}
function createAjax()
{
    try{
        return new XMLHttpRequest();
    }catch(e){}
    try{
        return new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLHTTP');
    }catch(e){}
    alert('old');
}
onload=function()
{
    $('ok').onclick=function()
    {
        $('res').innerHTML='';
        var ajax=createAjax();
        ajax.open('post','json.php');
        ajax.setRequestHeader('content-type','application/x-www-from-urlencoded');
        ajax.onreadystatechange=function()
        {
            if(ajax.readyState==4)
            {
                var json=ajax.responseText;
                var json=eval('('+json+')');
                for(var i=0;i<json.length;i++)
                {
                    $('res').innerHTML+=json[i].user+'  '+json[i].pass+'<br>';
                }
            }
        }
        ajax.send('');
    }
}
</script>
<div>
<input type='button' id='ok' value='ok'>
<div id='res'>
</div>
</div>
<?php
$mysqli=new mysqli('localhost:3306','root','admin','ajax');
$res=$mysqli->query('select * from admin');
while($row=$res->fetch_assoc())
{
    $arr[]=$row;
}
$res->free();
$mysqli->close();
$json=json_encode($arr);
echo $json;
?>

封装 Ajax 代码库

  • 自调用匿名函数
(function(){})()

避免函数名冲突

  • 增加全局变量&dollar;
var $ = function(id) {
  return document.getElementById(id);
};
window.$ = $; //闭包用法
  • 创建方法 Ajax
$.init = function() {
  try {
    return new XMLHttpRequest();
  } catch (e) {}
  try {
    return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
  } catch (e) {}
};
$.get = function(url, date) {
  var ajax = $.init();
  url = url + "?_=" + new Date().getTime();
  if (date != null) {
    url = url + "&" + date;
  }
  ajax.open("get", url, display);
  ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
    if (ajax.readyState == 4 && ajax.status == 200) {
      display(ajax.responseText);
    }
  };
};
$.post = function(url, date) {
  var ajax = \$.init();
  ajax.open("post", url, display);
  ajax.setRequestHeader("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
  ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
    if (ajax.readyState == 4 && ajax.status == 200) {
      display(ajax.responseText);
    }
  };
  ajax.send(data);
};

完整封装代码

(function() {
  var $ = function(id) {
    return document.getElementById(id);
  };
  $.createAjax = function() {
    try {
      return new XMLHttpRequest();
    } catch (e) {}
    try {
      return new ActiveXObject("Misrosoft.XMLHTTP");
    } catch (e) {}
  };
  $.get = function(url, date, type, display) {
    var ajax = $.createAjax();
    url += "?_=" + new Date().getTime();
    if (date != null) {
      url += "&" + date;
    }
    ajax.open("get", url);
    ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
      if (ajax.readyState == 4 && ajax.status == 200) {
        if (type == null || type == "text") {
          display(ajax.responseText);
        } else if (type == "xml") {
          display(ajax.responseXML);
        } else if (type == "json") {
          display(eval("(" + ajax.responseText + ")"));
        }
      }
    };
    ajax.send(null);
  };
  $.post = function(url, date, type, display) {
    var ajax = $.createAjax();
    ajax.open("post", url);
    ajax.setRequestHeader("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    ajax.onreadystatechange = function() {
      if (ajax.readyState == 4 && ajax.status == 200) {
        if (type == null || type == "text") {
          display(ajax.responseText);
        } else if (type == "xml") {
          display(ajax.responseXML);
        } else if (type == "json") {
          display(eval("(" + ajax.responseText + ")"));
        }
      }
    };
    ajax.send(date);
  };
  window.$ = $;
})();

分类联动

<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script language="javascript" src="ajax.js"></script>
<script>
  window.onload = function() {
    show1();
    $("c1").onchange = show2;
  };
  function show1() {
    $.post("liandong.php", "type=0", "json", function(json) {
      for (var i = 0; i < json.length; i++) {
        var option = document.createElement("option");
        option.value = json[i].id;
        option.innerHTML = json[i].shop;
        $("c1").appendChild(option);
      }
    });
  }
  function show2() {
    $("c2").length = 0;
    var type = $("c1").value;
    $.post("liandong.php", "type=" + type, "json", function(json) {
      for (var i = 0; i < json.length; i++) {
        var option = document.createElement("option");
        option.value = json[i].id;
        option.innerHTML = json[i].shop;
        $("c2").appendChild(option);
      }
    });
  }
</script>
<select id="c1">
  <option value="-1">请选择</option>
</select>
<select id="c2"> </select>
<?php
 $type=$_POST['type'];
 $mysqli=new mysqli('localhost:3306','root','admin','ajax');
 $res=$mysqli->query('select * from shop where type='.$type);
 while($row=$res->fetch_assoc())
 {
     $arr[]=$row;
 }
 $res->free();
 $mysqli->close();
 echo json_encode($arr);
?>

无刷新分页

<script language="javascript" src="ajax.js"></script>
<script language="javascript">
  window.onload = function() {
    show(1);
  };
  function show(n) {
    $.get("fenye.php", "page=" + n, "text", function(text) {
      $("res").innerHTML = text;
    });
  }
</script>
<div id="res"></div>
<?php
require_once './libs/Smarty.class.php';
$mysqli=new mysqli('localhost:3306','root','admin','ajax');
$count_res=$mysqli->query('select count(*) from shop')or die($mysqli->error());
$count_arr=$count_res->fetch_row();
$count_rows=$count_arr[0];
$page_now=$_GET['page'];
$page_size=3;
$page_count=ceil($count_rows/$page_size);
if($page_now>$page_count)
{
    $page_now=$page_count;
}
if($page_now<1)
{
    $page_now=1;
}
$row_start=($page_now-1)*$page_size;
$res=$mysqli->query('select * from shop limit '.$row_start.','.$page_size);
while($row=$res->fetch_assoc())
{
    $arr[]=$row;
}
$res->free();
$mysqli->close();
$smarty=new Smarty();
$smarty->assign('page_count',$page_count);
$smarty->assign('page_now',$page_now);
$smarty->assign_by_ref('res',$arr);
echo $smarty->fetch('show.htm');
?>
<table cellspacing="0px" width="500px">
  <tr>
    <th>序号</th>
    <th>名称</th>
    <th>编号</th>
  </tr>
  {foreach from=$res item=val}
  <tr align="center" bgcolor="{cycle" values="gray,pink" }>
    <td>{counter}</td>
    <td>{$val.shop}</td>
    <td>{$val.type}</td>
  </tr>
  {/foreach}
  <tr>
    <td colspan="3">
      共{$page_count}页 当前{$page_now}页
      <input type="button" value="首页" onclick="show(1)" />
      <a href="#" onclick="show({$page_now-1})">上一页</a>
      <a href="#" onclick="show({$page_now+1})">下一页</a>
      <input type="button" value="末页" onclick="show({$page_count})" />
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

搜索功能

<meta charset="utf-8" />
<script language="javascript" src="ajax.js"></script>
<script language="javascript">
  onload = function() {
    $("text").onkeyup = function() {
      $("res").innerHTML = "";
      if ($("text").value == "") {
        return;
      }
      $.post("search.php", "key=" + $("text").value, "json", function(json) {
        if (json.length != 0) {
          $("res").innerHTML = "";
          for (var i = 0; i < json.length; i++) {
            var div = document.createElement("div");
            div.onmouseover = function() {
              this.style.background = "pink";
            };
            div.onmouseout = function() {
              this.style.background = "gray";
            };
            div.innerHTML = json[i][0];
            $("res").appendChild(div);
          }
        }
      });
    };
    function show2(obj) {
      obj.style.background = "pink";
    }
    function show3(obj) {
      obj.style.background = "gray";
    }
  };
</script>
<input type="text" id="text" width="100px" />
<div id="res" style="width:100px;border:1px solid"></div>
<?php
$shop=$_POST['key'];
$link=mysql_connect('localhost:3306','root','admin');
mysql_query('use ajax');
$res=mysql_query("select shop from shop where shop like '$shop%'");
$arr=array();
while($row=mysql_fetch_row($res))
{
    $arr[]=$row;
}
mysql_free_result($res);
mysql_close($link);
echo json_encode($arr);
?>

ajax 上传进度条

document.getElementById("btn").onclick = function() {
  //构建表单
  var form = new FormData();
  form.append("fileName", document.getElementById("fileName").files[0]);
  //创建 ajax
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  //上传进度
  //上传进度
  xhr.upload.onprogress = function(ev) {
    if (ev.lengthComputable) {
      var loaded = ev.loaded; //已经上传的大小
      var total = ev.total; //总的大小
      var progress =
        Math.round(
          (loadedloadedloadedloadedloadedloadedloadedloaded\ * 100) / total
        ) + "%"; //计算百分比
      document.getElementById("upInfo").innerHTML =
        "当前上传进度为:" + progress;
    } else {
      document.getElementById("upInfo").innerHTML = "上传进度不可用";
    }
  };
  //上传完成后结果
  xhr.onload = function(ev) {
    document.getElementById("upRes").innerHTML = ev.target.responseText;
  };
  xhr.open("POST", "./upload.php");
  xhr.send(form);
};

步骤详解

  • 当点击上传按钮时
//构建表单
var form=new FormData(); //h5 表单对象
form.append('fileName',document.getElementById('fileName').files[0]); //在表单对象增加名为 fileName 的 files[0]对象(要上传的文件)
其他用法
    var from1=document.getElementById('form1'); //获取html表单对象
    var form=new FormData(from1);  //讲获取到的html表单对象初始化为js表单对象
    ......//然后就可以通过原生(目前)ajax上传表单(包括文件)
  • 创建 ajax,调用进度显示
//上传进度
xhr.upload.onprogress = function(ev) {
  if (ev.lengthComputable) {
    var loaded = ev.loaded;
    var total = ev.total;
    document.getElementById("upInfo").innerHTML =
      "当前上传进度为:" +
      Math.round((loadedloadedloadedloaded\ * 100) / total) +
      "%";
  } else {
    document.getElementById("upInfo").innerHTML = "上传进度不可用";
  }
};
xhr 对象的 upload 属性有个上传进度事件 该事件的回调函数参数里保存着 当前上传文件总大小(字节) ev.total 和点前上传了多少 ev.loaded
通过这两个属性可计算出上传进度
  • 上传完成后结果
xhr.onload = function(ev) {
  document.getElementById("upRes").innerHTML = ev.target.responseText;
};
ajax上传完成后回调函数参数里ev.target属性为当前xhr对象,ev.target.responseText获取后台返回的字符串
//如果后台返回的是json形式的字符串可用JSON.parse(str)解析成json对象 相对JSON.stringify(json)将json对象解析成字符串

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