Ubuntu APT（qbit）

apt 与 apt-get

• APT: Advanced Packaging Tool
• apt 命令不是 apt-get 的简写
• apt 整合了 apt-get、apt-cache 和 apt-config 中的常用命令
• 可以将 apt 看作 apt-get 的升级版

• 常用命令对比

  apt 命令	示例	取代的命令	命令的功能
  apt install	apt install unzip	apt-get install	安装软件包
  apt remove	apt remove unzip	apt-get remove	移除软件包
  apt purge	apt purge unzip	apt-get purge	移除软件包及配置文件
  apt depends	apt depends python3	apt-cache depends	查看软件包依赖
  apt update	apt update	apt-get update	刷新存储库索引
  apt upgrade	apt upgrade	apt-get upgrade	升级所有可升级的软件包
  apt autoremove	apt autoremove	apt-get autoremove	自动删除不需要的包
  apt full-upgrade	apt full-upgrade	apt-get dist-upgrade	在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系
  apt search	apt search unzip	apt-cache search	在 package descriptions 搜索
  apt show	apt show unzip	apt-cache show	显示 package 的详细情况
  apt list	apt list "*unzip"	无	根据 package 名字列出 package
  apt list --installed	apt list --installed	无	查看已安装的 package
  apt edit-sources	apt edit-sources	无	编辑源列表

软件仓库

位置	免费/收费	维护方
main	免费	Ubuntu官方维护
universe	免费	社区维护
restricted	收费	第三方维护（一般是品牌厂商）
multiverse	收费	野库

• 可以用命令查看某个 package 属于 Main，Universe，Restricted 还是 Multiverse。

  apt policy <package>

• 也可以在 launchpad 查看

更新等级

• UbuntuUpdates

  security：重要的安全更新
  updates：非安全性更新，即不影响到系统安全的 bug 修补。
  proposed：预更新，小 beta 版，过后会进入[updates]或[security]。
  backports：新软件的反向导出，新软件为老系统编译的版本。

软件源

以 Ubuntu 20.04 为例

中科大

• /etc/apt/sources.list 生成器： repository file generator

• 替换 sources.list 的命令

  # http 源
  wget https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/repogen/conf/ubuntu-http-4-focal -O sources.list
  # or https 源
  wget https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/repogen/conf/ubuntu-https-4-focal -O sources.list
  sudo mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
  sudo mv sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list
  sudo apt update

阿里云

• 阿里云 Ubuntu 镜像

• 编辑文件 /etc/apt/sources.list

  sudo apt edit-sources

• Ubuntu 20.04 LTS（x86）

  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  
  ## Not recommended
  # deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

• Ubuntu 20.04 LTS（arm）

  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
  
  deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
  
  ## Not recommended
  # deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
  # deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu-ports/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

本文出自 qbit snap