面向对象、原型链、继承，你会吗

一、创建对象的几种方法

// 1、字面量
var o1 = {name:'lihaixing'};
var o11 = new Object({name:'lihaixing'});
// 2、构造函数
var M = function(){this.name='haixing'};
var o2 = new M();
// 3、基于原型
var P = {name:'haixing'};
var o3 = Object.create(P);
var o33 = Object.create(null);

二、原型链

var M = function () {
    this.name = 'haixing';
    // return {}
};
var o2 = new M();
console.log(M.prototype.constructor === M); // true
console.log(M.prototype === o2.__proto__); // true
console.log(M.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype); // true
console.log(M.__proto__ === Function.prototype); // true
console.log(Object.prototype.__proto__===null); // true

console.log(o2 instanceof M); // true 
console.log(M.prototype instanceof Object); // true 
console.log(o2 instanceof Object); // true  只要一条链上就可以

函数的原型链

var fn = function(){}
fn instanceof Function  // ==> true
fn.constructor===Function // ===> true
Function.prototype instanceof Object // ===> true
Function.prototype.constructor===Object // ===> true
Function.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype // ==> true

三、继承

1、借助构造函数实现继承

function Parent1 () {
    this.name = 'parent1'
    this.play = [1, 2, 3]
}

function Child1 () {
    Parent1.call(this)
    this.type = 'child1'
}

缺点：只是将Parents的this指向了Child1的实例，但Parents.prototype中的属性却无法继承下来

// 测试
Parent1.prototype.say=function(){
    console.log('Parent1 prototye')
}
var son1 = new Child1();
son1.say(); // Uncaught TypeError: son1.say is not a function

2、借助原型链实现继承

function Parent2 () {
    this.name = 'parent2'
    this.play = [1, 2, 3]
}

function Child2 () {
    this.type = 'child2'
}

Child2.prototype = new Parent2();

缺点：虽然实现了继承，但是父类实例后的数据却是共用得，导致某个实例改变父亲的数据，其它儿子也就共享了

// 测试
Parent2.prototype.say = function () {
    console.log('say')
}
var son2 = new Child2();
var son22 = new Child2();

son2.say(); // say

son2.play.push(4);
console.log(son22.play); // [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

3、结合以上两种方法实现继承

function Parent3 () {
    this.name = 'parent3'
    this.play = [1, 2, 3]
}

function Child3 () {
    Parent3.call(this)
    this.type = 'child3'
}

Child3.prototype = new Parent3()

缺点：虽然解决了各自的缺点，但父类执行了两次，并且父类和子类还有相同的属性

4、父类的原型赋值给子类

function Parent4 () {
    this.name = 'parent4'
    this.play = [1, 2, 3]
}

function Child4 () {
    Parent4.call(this)
    this.type = 'child3'
}

Child4.prototype = Parent4.prototype 

缺点:

• Child4.prototype = Parent4.prototype 使得Child4和Parent4实例得构造器都指向了Parent4, 这明显不是我们想要的，我们希望Child4.prototype.contructor仍然是Child4
• 有人想到Child4.prototype.constructor = Child4将构造器再改回来，但是这样Parent4.prototype.contructor成了Child4也不妥呀

// 测试
var son4 = new Child4();
// instanceof 取决于由谁创建的，同一条线都可
console.log(son4 instanceof Child4, son4 instanceof Parent4) // true true

// 构造器在原型上呢，取决于Child4.prototype.contructor
console.log(Child4.prototype.constructor, Parent4.prototype.constructor) // Parent4 Parent4

5、基于object.create

function Parent5 () {
    this.name = 'parent5'
    this.play = [1, 2, 3]
}

function Child5 () {
    Parent5.call(this)
    this.type = 'child5'
}


Child5.prototype = Object.create(Parent5.prototype);
Child5.prototype.constructor = Child5;

最后一个比较完美，不说了

var son5 = new Child5();
console.log(son5 instanceof Child5, son5 instanceof Parent5); // true true
console.log(Child5.prototype.constructor,Parent5.prototype.constructor); // Child5 Parent5