1、Task的优势
ThreadPool相比Thread来说具备了很多优势，但是ThreadPool却又存在一些使用上的不方便。比如：
◆ ThreadPool不支持线程的取消、完成、失败通知等交互性操作；
◆ ThreadPool不支持线程执行的先后次序；
以往，如果开发者要实现上述功能，需要完成很多额外的工作，现在，FCL中提供了一个功能更强大的概念：Task。Task在线程池的基础上进行了优化，并提供了更多的API。在FCL4.0中，如果我们要编写多线程程序，Task显然已经优于传统的方式。
以下是一个简单的任务示例：
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Task t = new Task(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("任务开始工作……");
//模拟工作过程
Thread.Sleep(5000);
});
t.Start();
t.ContinueWith((task) =>
{
Console.WriteLine("任务完成，完成时候的状态为：");
Console.WriteLine("IsCanceled={0}\tIsCompleted={1}\tIsFaulted={2}", task.IsCanceled, task.IsCompleted, task.IsFaulted);
});
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}2、Task的用法
2.1、创建任务
（一）无返回值的方式
方式1:
var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1"));
t1.Start();
Task.WaitAll(t1);//等待所有任务结束
注:任务的状态:
Start之前为:Created
Start之后为:WaitingToRun 方式2:
Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2"));方式3:
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3")); 直接异步的方法
//或者
var t3=Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 3"));
Task.WaitAll(t3);//等待所有任务结束
//任务的状态:
Start之前为:Running
Start之后为:Runningusing System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var t1 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 1"));
var t2 = new Task(() => TaskMethod("Task 2"));
t2.Start();
t1.Start();
Task.WaitAll(t1, t2);
Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 3"));
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 4"));
//标记为长时间运行任务,则任务不会使用线程池,而在单独的线程中运行。
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => TaskMethod("Task 5"), TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
#region 常规的使用方式
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行业务处理.");
//创建任务
Task task = new Task(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("使用System.Threading.Tasks.Task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
});
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(System.Threading.Tasks.TaskScheduler)
task.Start();
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
task.Wait();
#endregion
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
Console.ReadLine();
}
static void TaskMethod(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
}
}
}async/await的实现方式:
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
async static void AsyncFunction()
{
await Task.Delay(1);
Console.WriteLine("使用System.Threading.Tasks.Task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(string.Format("AsyncFunction:i={0}", i));
}
}
public static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行业务处理.");
AsyncFunction();
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(string.Format("Main:i={0}", i));
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}（二）带返回值的方式
方式4:
Task<int> task = CreateTask("Task 1");
task.Start();
int result = task.Result;using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static Task<int> CreateTask(string name)
{
return new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod(name));
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
TaskMethod("Main Thread Task");
Task<int> task = CreateTask("Task 1");
task.Start();
int result = task.Result;
Console.WriteLine("Task 1 Result is: {0}", result);
task = CreateTask("Task 2");
//该任务会运行在主线程中
task.RunSynchronously();
result = task.Result;
Console.WriteLine("Task 2 Result is: {0}", result);
task = CreateTask("Task 3");
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
task.Start();
while (!task.IsCompleted)
{
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
}
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
result = task.Result;
Console.WriteLine("Task 3 Result is: {0}", result);
#region 常规使用方式
//创建任务
Task<int> getsumtask = new Task<int>(() => Getsum());
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(System.Threading.Tasks.TaskScheduler)
getsumtask.Start();
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
//等待任务的完成执行过程。
getsumtask.Wait();
//获得任务的执行结果
Console.WriteLine("任务执行结果：{0}", getsumtask.Result.ToString());
#endregion
}
static int TaskMethod(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
return 42;
}
static int Getsum()
{
int sum = 0;
Console.WriteLine("使用Task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
}
}
}async/await的实现:
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
var ret1 = AsyncGetsum();
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
Console.WriteLine("Call Main()");
int result = ret1.Result; //阻塞主线程
Console.WriteLine("任务执行结果：{0}", result);
}
async static Task<int> AsyncGetsum()
{
await Task.Delay(1);
int sum = 0;
Console.WriteLine("使用Task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
}
}
}2.2、组合任务.ContinueWith
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
//创建一个任务
Task<int> task = new Task<int>(() =>
{
int sum = 0;
Console.WriteLine("使用Task执行异步操作.");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
});
//启动任务,并安排到当前任务队列线程中执行任务(System.Threading.Tasks.TaskScheduler)
task.Start();
Console.WriteLine("主线程执行其他处理");
//任务完成时执行处理。
Task cwt = task.ContinueWith(t =>
{
Console.WriteLine("任务完成后的执行结果：{0}", t.Result.ToString());
});
task.Wait();
cwt.Wait();
}
}
}任务的串行:
using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
ConcurrentStack<int> stack = new ConcurrentStack<int>();
//t1先串行
var t1 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
{
stack.Push(1);
stack.Push(2);
});
//t2,t3并行执行
var t2 = t1.ContinueWith(t =>
{
int result;
stack.TryPop(out result);
Console.WriteLine("Task t2 result={0},Thread id {1}", result, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
});
//t2,t3并行执行
var t3 = t1.ContinueWith(t =>
{
int result;
stack.TryPop(out result);
Console.WriteLine("Task t3 result={0},Thread id {1}", result, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
});
//等待t2和t3执行完
Task.WaitAll(t2, t3);
//t7串行执行
var t4 = Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("当前集合元素个数：{0},Thread id {1}", stack.Count, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
});
t4.Wait();
}
}
}using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
Task<string[]> parent = new Task<string[]>(state =>
{
Console.WriteLine(state);
string[] result = new string[2];
//创建并启动子任务
new Task(() => { result[0] = "我是子任务1。"; }, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent).Start();
new Task(() => { result[1] = "我是子任务2。"; }, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent).Start();
return result;
}, "我是父任务，并在我的处理过程中创建多个子任务，所有子任务完成以后我才会结束执行。");
//任务处理完成后执行的操作
parent.ContinueWith(t =>
{
Array.ForEach(t.Result, r => Console.WriteLine(r));
});
//启动父任务
parent.Start();
//等待任务结束 Wait只能等待父线程结束,没办法等到父线程的ContinueWith结束
//parent.Wait();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}动态并行(TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) 父任务等待所有子任务完成后 整个任务才算完成
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Node
{
public Node Left { get; set; }
public Node Right { get; set; }
public string Text { get; set; }
}
class Program
{
static Node GetNode()
{
Node root = new Node
{
Left = new Node
{
Left = new Node
{
Text = "L-L"
},
Right = new Node
{
Text = "L-R"
},
Text = "L"
},
Right = new Node
{
Left = new Node
{
Text = "R-L"
},
Right = new Node
{
Text = "R-R"
},
Text = "R"
},
Text = "Root"
};
return root;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Node root = GetNode();
DisplayTree(root);
}
static void DisplayTree(Node root)
{
var task = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(root),
CancellationToken.None,
TaskCreationOptions.None,
TaskScheduler.Default);
task.Wait();
}
static void DisplayNode(Node current)
{
if (current.Left != null)
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Left),
CancellationToken.None,
TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent,
TaskScheduler.Default);
if (current.Right != null)
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => DisplayNode(current.Right),
CancellationToken.None,
TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent,
TaskScheduler.Default);
Console.WriteLine("当前节点的值为{0};处理的ThreadId={1}", current.Text, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
}
}
}2.3、取消任务 CancellationTokenSource
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
private static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds, CancellationToken token)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
for (int i = 0; i < seconds; i++)
{
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
if (token.IsCancellationRequested) return -1;
}
return 42 * seconds;
}
private static void Main(string[] args)
{
var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
var longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 1", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token);
Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
cts.Cancel();
Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
Console.WriteLine("First task has been cancelled before execution");
cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
longTask = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 10, cts.Token), cts.Token);
longTask.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
}
cts.Cancel();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
Console.WriteLine(longTask.Status);
}
Console.WriteLine("A task has been completed with result {0}.", longTask.Result);
}
}
}2.4、处理任务中的异常
单个任务:
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds));
throw new Exception("Boom!");
return 42 * seconds;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
try
{
Task<int> task = Task.Run(() => TaskMethod("Task 2", 2));
int result = task.GetAwaiter().GetResult();
Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task 2 Exception caught: {0}", ex.Message);
}
Console.WriteLine("----------------------------------------------");
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}多个任务:
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static int TaskMethod(string name, int seconds)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} is running on a thread id {1}. Is thread pool thread: {2}",
name, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId, Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds));
throw new Exception(string.Format("Task {0} Boom!", name));
return 42 * seconds;
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
try
{
var t1 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 3", 3));
var t2 = new Task<int>(() => TaskMethod("Task 4", 2));
var complexTask = Task.WhenAll(t1, t2);
var exceptionHandler = complexTask.ContinueWith(t =>
Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", t.Result),
TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted
);
t1.Start();
t2.Start();
Task.WaitAll(t1, t2);
}
catch (AggregateException ex)
{
ex.Handle(exception =>
{
Console.WriteLine(exception.Message);
return true;
});
}
}
}
}async/await的方式:
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static async Task ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync()
{
throw new NotImplementedException();
}
static async Task ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync()
{
throw new InvalidOperationException();
}
static async Task Normal()
{
await Fun();
}
static Task Fun()
{
return Task.Run(() =>
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("i={0}", i);
Thread.Sleep(200);
}
});
}
static async Task ObserveOneExceptionAsync()
{
var task1 = ThrowNotImplementedExceptionAsync();
var task2 = ThrowInvalidOperationExceptionAsync();
var task3 = Normal();
try
{
//异步的方式
Task allTasks = Task.WhenAll(task1, task2, task3);
await allTasks;
//同步的方式
//Task.WaitAll(task1, task2, task3);
}
catch (NotImplementedException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("task1 任务报错!");
}
catch (InvalidOperationException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("task2 任务报错!");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("任务报错!");
}
}
public static void Main()
{
Task task = ObserveOneExceptionAsync();
Console.WriteLine("主线程继续运行........");
task.Wait();
}
}
}2.5、Task.FromResult的应用
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static IDictionary<string, string> cache = new Dictionary<string, string>()
{
{"0001","A"},
{"0002","B"},
{"0003","C"},
{"0004","D"},
{"0005","E"},
{"0006","F"},
};
public static void Main()
{
Task<string> task = GetValueFromCache("0006");
Console.WriteLine("主程序继续执行。。。。");
string result = task.Result;
Console.WriteLine("result={0}", result);
}
private static Task<string> GetValueFromCache(string key)
{
Console.WriteLine("GetValueFromCache开始执行。。。。");
string result = string.Empty;
//Task.Delay(5000);
Thread.Sleep(5000);
Console.WriteLine("GetValueFromCache继续执行。。。。");
if (cache.TryGetValue(key, out result))
{
return Task.FromResult(result);
}
return Task.FromResult("");
}
}
}2.6、使用IProgress实现异步编程的进程通知
IProgress<in T>只提供了一个方法void Report(T value)，通过Report方法把一个T类型的值报告给IProgress,然后IProgress<in T>的实现类Progress<in T>的构造函数接收类型为Action<T>的形参，通过这个委托让进度显示在UI界面中。
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
static void DoProcessing(IProgress<int> progress)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
{
Thread.Sleep(100);
if (progress != null)
{
progress.Report(i);
}
}
}
static async Task Display()
{
//当前线程
var progress = new Progress<int>(percent =>
{
Console.Clear();
Console.Write("{0}%", percent);
});
//线程池线程
await Task.Run(() => DoProcessing(progress));
Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine("结束");
}
public static void Main()
{
Task task = Display();
task.Wait();
}
}
}2.7、Factory.FromAsync的应用 (简APM模式(委托)转换为任务)(BeginXXX和EndXXX)
带回调方式的
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName);
private static string Test(string threadName)
{
Console.WriteLine("Starting...");
Console.WriteLine("Is thread pool thread: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName;
return string.Format("Thread name: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
}
private static void Callback(IAsyncResult ar)
{
Console.WriteLine("Starting a callback...");
Console.WriteLine("State passed to a callbak: {0}", ar.AsyncState);
Console.WriteLine("Is thread pool thread: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Console.WriteLine("Thread pool worker thread id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
}
//执行的流程是 先执行Test--->Callback--->task.ContinueWith
static void Main(string[] args)
{
AsynchronousTask d = Test;
Console.WriteLine("Option 1");
Task<string> task = Task<string>.Factory.FromAsync(
d.BeginInvoke("AsyncTaskThread", Callback, "a delegate asynchronous call"), d.EndInvoke);
task.ContinueWith(t => Console.WriteLine("Callback is finished, now running a continuation! Result: {0}",
t.Result));
while (!task.IsCompleted)
{
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
}
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
}
}
}不带回调方式的
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApp1
{
class Program
{
private delegate string AsynchronousTask(string threadName);
private static string Test(string threadName)
{
Console.WriteLine("Starting...");
Console.WriteLine("Is thread pool thread: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
Thread.CurrentThread.Name = threadName;
return string.Format("Thread name: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.Name);
}
//执行的流程是 先执行Test--->task.ContinueWith
static void Main(string[] args)
{
AsynchronousTask d = Test;
Task<string> task = Task<string>.Factory.FromAsync(
d.BeginInvoke, d.EndInvoke, "AsyncTaskThread", "a delegate asynchronous call");
task.ContinueWith(t => Console.WriteLine("Task is completed, now running a continuation! Result: {0}",
t.Result));
while (!task.IsCompleted)
{
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(0.5));
}
Console.WriteLine(task.Status);
}
}
}//Task启动带参数和返回值的函数任务
//下面的例子test2 是个带参数和返回值的函数。
private int test2(object i)
{
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = true;
}));
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);
MessageBox.Show("hello:" + i);
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = false;
}));
return 0;
}
//测试调用
private void call()
{
//Func<string, string> funcOne = delegate(string s){ return "fff"; };
object i = 55;
var t = Task<int>.Factory.StartNew(new Func<object, int>(test2), i);
}
//= 下载网站源文件例子 == == == == == == == == == == == ==
//HttpClient 引用System.Net.Http
private async Task< int> test2(object i)
{
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = true;
}));
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com");
Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
MessageBox.Show (s.Result);
//System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(3000);
//MessageBox.Show("hello:"+ i);
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = false;
}));
return 0;
}
async private void call()
{
//Func<string, string> funcOne = delegate(string s){ return "fff"; };
object i = 55;
var t = Task<Task<int>>.Factory.StartNew(new Func<object, Task<int>>(test2), i);
}
//----------或者----------
private async void test2()
{
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = true;
}));
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
var a = await client.GetAsync("http://www.baidu.com");
Task<string> s = a.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
MessageBox.Show (s.Result);
this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
{
pictureBox1.Visible = false;
}));
}
private void call()
{
var t = Task.Run(new Action(test2));
//相当于
//Thread th= new Thread(new ThreadStart(test2));
//th.Start();
}~~~~
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