Java16的新特性

Java语言特性系列

• Java5的新特性
• Java6的新特性
• Java7的新特性
• Java8的新特性
• Java9的新特性
• Java10的新特性
• Java11的新特性
• Java12的新特性
• Java13的新特性
• Java14的新特性
• Java15的新特性
• Java16的新特性
• Java17的新特性
• Java18的新特性
• Java19的新特性
• Java20的新特性
• Java21的新特性
• Java22的新特性

序

本文主要讲述一下Java16的新特性

版本号

java -version
openjdk version "16" 2021-03-16
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 16+36-2231)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 16+36-2231, mixed mode, sharing)

从version信息可以看出是build 16+36

特性列表

JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)

提供了jdk.incubator.vector来用于矢量计算，实例如下

static final VectorSpecies<Float> SPECIES = FloatVector.SPECIES_256;

void vectorComputation(float[] a, float[] b, float[] c) {

    for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i += SPECIES.length()) {
        var m = SPECIES.indexInRange(i, a.length);
        // FloatVector va, vb, vc;
        var va = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, a, i, m);
        var vb = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, b, i, m);
        var vc = va.mul(va).
                    add(vb.mul(vb)).
                    neg();
        vc.intoArray(c, i, m);
    }
}

JEP 347: Enable C++14 Language Features

在JDK C++的源码中允许使用C++14的语言特性

JEP 357: Migrate from Mercurial to Git

OpenJDK源码的版本控制从Mercurial (hg) 迁移到git

JEP 369: Migrate to GitHub

将OpenJDK源码的版本控制迁移到github上

JEP 376: ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing

实现了并发thread-stack处理来降低GC safepoints的负担

JEP 380: Unix-Domain Socket Channels

对socket channel及server socket channel的api提供对unix domain socket的支持

JEP 386: Alpine Linux Port

将glibc的jdk移植到使用musl的alpine linux上

JEP 387: Elastic Metaspace

支持不再使用的class metadata归还内存给操作系统，降低内存占用

JEP 388: Windows/AArch64 Port

移植JDK到Windows/AArch64

JEP 389: Foreign Linker API (Incubator)

提供jdk.incubator.foreign来简化native code的调用

JEP 390: Warnings for Value-Based Classes

提供@jdk.internal.ValueBased来用于标注作为value-based的类，实例如下

@jdk.internal.ValueBased
public final class SomeVbc {

    public SomeVbc() {}

    final String ref = "String";

    void abuseVbc() {

        synchronized(ref) {           // OK
            synchronized (this) {     // WARN
            }
        }
    }
}

final class AuxilliaryAbuseOfVbc {

    void abuseVbc(SomeVbc vbc) {

        synchronized(this) {           // OK
            synchronized (vbc) {       // WARN
            }
        }
    }
}

JEP 392: Packaging Tool

jpackage在JDK14引入，JDK15作为incubating工具，在JDK16转正，从jdk.incubator.jpackage转为jdk.jpackage。它支持Linux: deb and rpm、macOS: pkg and dmg、Windows: msi and exe

JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)

Foreign-Memory Access API在JDK14首次引入作为incubating API，在JDK15处于第二轮incubating，在JDK16处于第三轮incubating

JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof

instanceof的模式匹配在JDK14作为preview，在JDK15作为第二轮的preview，在JDK16转正

JEP 395: Records

Record类型在JDK14作为preview，在JDK15处于第二轮preview，在JDK16转正

JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default

对内部的api进行更多的封装，鼓励开发者从使用内部的方法迁移到标准的API，但是sun.misc.Unsafe还是继续保留

JEP 397: Sealed Classes (Second Preview)

Sealed Classes在JDK15作为preview引入，在JDK16作为第二轮preview

细项解读

上面列出的是大方面的特性，除此之外还有一些api的更新及废弃，主要见JDK 16 Release Notes，这里举几个例子。

添加项

• Add InvocationHandler::invokeDefault Method for Proxy's Default Method Support (JDK-8159746)

  给InvocationHandler添加invokeDefault方法

• Day Period Support Added to java.time Formats (JDK-8247781)

  java.time支持Day Period

• Add Stream.toList() Method (JDK-8180352) (JDK-8180352)

  Stream新增toList方法

• Concurrently Uncommit Memory in G1 (JDK-8236926)

  针对G1提供了并发归还内存给操作系统

移除项

• Removal of Experimental Features AOT and Graal JIT (JDK-8255616)

  移除jaotc工具

• Deprecated Tracing Flags Are Obsolete and Must Be Replaced With Unified Logging Equivalents (JDK-8256718)

  使用-Xlog:class+load=info替代-XX:+TraceClassLoading；使用-Xlog:class+unload=info替代-XX:+TraceClassUnloading；使用-Xlog:exceptions=info替代-XX:+TraceExceptions

废弃项

• Terminally Deprecated ThreadGroup stop, destroy, isDestroyed, setDaemon and isDaemon (JDK-8256643)

  废弃ThreadGroup的stop, destroy, isDestroyed, setDaemon, isDaemon方法

• Deprecated the java.security.cert APIs That Represent DNs as Principal or String Objects (JDK-8241003)

  废弃了java.security.cert.X509Certificate的getIssuerDN()、getSubjectDN()方法

已知问题

• Incomplete Support for Unix Domain Sockets in Windows 2019 Server (JDK-8259014)

  Unix Domain Sockets对Windows 2019 Server的支持还不完善

• TreeMap.computeIfAbsent Mishandles Existing Entries Whose Values Are null (JDK-8259622)

  TreeMap.computeIfAbsent方法针对null的处理与规范有偏差

其他事项

• Enhanced Support of Proxy Class (JDK-8236862)

  对Proxy Class进行了增强，支持jdk.serialProxyInterfaceLimit属性

• Support Supplementary Characters in String Case Insensitive Operations (JDK-8248655)

  对compareToIgnoreCase、equalsIgnoreCase、regionMatches方法的Case Insensitive语义进行了增强

• HttpClient.newHttpClient and HttpClient.Builder.build Might Throw UncheckedIOException (JDK-8248006)

  HttpClient.newHttpClient及HttpClient.Builder.build方法可能抛出UncheckedIOException

• The Default HttpClient Implementation Returns Cancelable Futures (JDK-8245462)

  默认的HttpClient实现返回Cancelable Futures

小结

Java16主要有如下几个特性

• JEP 338: Vector API (Incubator)
• JEP 347: Enable C++14 Language Features
• JEP 357: Migrate from Mercurial to Git
• JEP 369: Migrate to GitHub
• JEP 376: ZGC: Concurrent Thread-Stack Processing
• JEP 380: Unix-Domain Socket Channels
• JEP 386: Alpine Linux Port
• JEP 387: Elastic Metaspace
• JEP 388: Windows/AArch64 Port
• JEP 389: Foreign Linker API (Incubator)
• JEP 390: Warnings for Value-Based Classes
• JEP 392: Packaging Tool
• JEP 393: Foreign-Memory Access API (Third Incubator)
• JEP 394: Pattern Matching for instanceof
• JEP 395: Records
• JEP 396: Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals by Default
• JEP 397: Sealed Classes (Second Preview)

doc

• JDK 16 Features
• JDK 16 Release Notes
• Oracle JDK 16 Release Notes
• Java SE deprecated-list
• The Arrival of Java 16
• Java 16 and IntelliJ IDEA