类内重载 operator new/operator delete 示例
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Foo {
public:
int _id;
int _data;
int _num;
public:
// 如果没有重载的成员函数则调用全局版本
static void *operator new(size_t size);
static void operator delete(void *pdead, size_t size);
static void *operator new[](size_t size);
static void operator delete[](void *pdead, size_t size);
Foo() : _id(0) {
cout << "default ctor.this=" << this << " id=" << _id << endl;
}
Foo(int i) : _id(i) {
cout << "ctor. this=" << this << " id=" << _id << endl;
}
// virtual
~Foo() {
cout << "dtor. this=" << this << " id=" << _id << endl;
}
};
void *Foo::operator new(size_t size)
{
Foo *p = (Foo*)malloc(size);
cout << "Foo::operator new(), size=" << size << "\t return: " << p << endl;
return p;
}
void Foo::operator delete(void *pdead, size_t size)
{
cout << "Foo::operator delete(), pdead= " << pdead << " size= " << size << endl;
free(pdead);
}
void *Foo::operator new[](size_t size)
{
Foo *p = (Foo*)malloc(size);
cout << "Foo::operator new[](), size=" << size << "\t return: " << p << endl;
return p;
}
void Foo::operator delete[](void *pdead, size_t size)
{
cout << "Foo::operator delete[](), pdead= " << pdead << " size= " << size << endl;
free(pdead);
}
int main()
{
cout << "sizeof(Foo)=" << sizeof(Foo) << endl;
cout << "============" << endl;
Foo *p = new Foo(7);
delete p;
cout << "============" << endl;
Foo* pArray = new Foo[5];
delete [] pArray;
return 0;
}
当 Foo 无虚析构函数时,输出:
sizeof(Foo)=12 // 注意这里 !!
============
Foo::operator new(), size=12 return: 0x7617b0
ctor. this=0x7617b0 id=7
dtor. this=0x7617b0 id=7
Foo::operator delete(), pdead= 0x7617b0 size= 12
============
Foo::operator new[](), size=68 return: 0x7617b0
default ctor.this=0x7617b8 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617c4 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617d0 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617dc id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617e8 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617e8 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617dc id=0
dtor. this=0x7617d0 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617c4 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617b8 id=0
Foo::operator delete[](), pdead= 0x7617b0 size= 68
当 Foo 有虚析构函数时,输出:
sizeof(Foo)=16 // 注意这里 !!
============
Foo::operator new(), size=16 return: 0xfb8088
ctor. this=0xfb8088 id=7
dtor. this=0xfb8088 id=7
Foo::operator delete(), pdead= 0xfb8088 size= 16
============
Foo::operator new[](), size=84 return: 0xfb8088
default ctor.this=0xfb808c id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb809c id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80ac id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80bc id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80cc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80cc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80bc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80ac id=0
dtor. this=0xfb809c id=0
dtor. this=0xfb808c id=0
Foo::operator delete[](), pdead= 0xfb8088 size= 84
- 当类中带有虚函数时,会多占用 4 字节内存空间。(为虚函数表指针,以实现多态)
int main()
{
cout << "sizeof(Foo)=" << sizeof(Foo) << endl;
cout << "============" << endl;
Foo *p = ::new Foo(7); // 注意这里 !!
::delete p;
cout << "============" << endl;
Foo* pArray = ::new Foo[5]; // 注意这里 !!
::delete[] pArray;
return 0;
}
当 Foo 无虚析构函数时,输出[类中重载版本 new / delete 未被调用]:
sizeof(Foo)=12
============
ctor. this=0x7617b0 id=7
dtor. this=0x7617b0 id=7
============
default ctor.this=0x7617b8 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617c4 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617d0 id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617dc id=0
default ctor.this=0x7617e8 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617e8 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617dc id=0
dtor. this=0x7617d0 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617c4 id=0
dtor. this=0x7617b8 id=0
当 Foo 有虚析构函数时,输出[类中重载版本 new / delete 未被调用]:
sizeof(Foo)=16
============
ctor. this=0xfb8088 id=7
dtor. this=0xfb8088 id=7
============
default ctor.this=0xfb808c id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb809c id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80ac id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80bc id=0
default ctor.this=0xfb80cc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80cc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80bc id=0
dtor. this=0xfb80ac id=0
dtor. this=0xfb809c id=0
dtor. this=0xfb808c id=0
- 如上调用(也就是写上 global scope operator ::), 会绕过前述所有 overloaded functions, 强迫使用 global version
重载 new() / delete()
我们可以重载 class member operator new(), 写出多个版本,前提是每一个版本的声明都必须具有独特的参数列表,其中第一个参数必须是 size_t, 其余参数以 new 所指定的 placement arguments 为初值。 出现于 new(...) 小括号内的便是所谓的 placement argument。
Foo *pf = new (300, 'c')Foo;
我们也可以重载 class member operator delete(), 写出多个版本。但它们绝不会被 delete 调用【void operator delete(void*, size_t)
版本被调用】。只有当 new 所调用的构造函数抛出异常,才会调用这些重载版本对应的 operator delete()。它只可能这样被调用,主要用来归还未能完全创建成功的对象所占用的内存空间。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Bad {
};
class Foo {
public:
Foo() {
cout << "Foo::Foo()" << endl;
}
Foo(int) {
cout << "Foo::Foo(int)" << endl;
throw Bad(); // 故意在这里抛出异常,测试 placement operator delete
}
// (1) 一般的 operator new() 重载函数
void *operator new(size_t size) {
cout << "operator new(size_t size), size= " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
// (2) 标准库已经提供的 placement new() 的重载形式
// (这里模拟 standard placement new 的动作, just return ptr)
void *operator new(size_t size, void *start) {
cout << "operator new(size_t size, void *start), size= " << size << endl;
return start;
}
// (3) 一个崭新的 placement new
void *operator new(size_t size, long extra) {
cout << "operator new(size_t size, long extra), size= " << size << ' ' << extra << endl;
return malloc(size + extra);
}
// (4) 又一个 placement new
void *operator new(size_t size, long extra, char init) {
cout << "operator new(size_t size, long extra, char init), size= " << size << ' ' << extra << ' ' << init << endl;
return malloc(size + extra);
}
// (5) 这又是一个 placement new, 但故意写错第一参数 type (它必须是 size_t 以满足正常的 operator new)
//! void *operator new(long extra, char init) { // error: 'operator new' takes type size_t ('unsigned int') as first parameter
//! cout << "op-new(long, char)" << endl;
//! return malloc(extra);
//! }
// 以下是搭配上述 placement new 的各个 called placement delete.
// 当构造函数抛出异常,这里对应的 operator (placement) delete 就会调用.
// 应该是要负责释放其搭档兄弟 (placement new) 分配所得的内存.
// (1) 这个就是一般的 operator delete() 的重载
void operator delete(void* ptr, size_t) {
cout << "operator delete(void*, size_t)" << endl;
free(ptr);
}
// (2) 这个是对应上述的 (2)
void operator delete(void *ptr, void*) {
cout << "operator delete(void *ptr, void*)" << endl;
free(ptr);
}
// (3) 这个是对应上述的 (3)
void operator delete(void *ptr, long) {
cout << "operator delete(void *ptr, long)" << endl;
free(ptr);
}
// (4) 这个是对应上述的 (4)
void operator delete(void *ptr, long, char) {
cout << "operator delete(void *ptr, long, char)" << endl;
free(ptr);
}
private:
int m_i;
};
int main()
{
Foo start;
Foo *p1 = new Foo; // op-new(size_t)
Foo *p2 = new (&start)Foo; // op-new(size_t, void*)
Foo *p3 = new (100)Foo; // op-new(size_t, long)
Foo *p4 = new (100, 'a')Foo; // op-new(size_t, long, char)
delete p1; // 注意这里!!
delete p2; // 注意这里!!
delete p3; // 注意这里!!
delete p4; // 注意这里!!
return 0;
}
输出:
Foo::Foo()
operator new(size_t size), size= 4
Foo::Foo()
operator new(size_t size, void *start), size= 4
Foo::Foo()
operator new(size_t size, long extra), size= 4 100
Foo::Foo()
operator new(size_t size, long extra, char init), size= 4 100 a
Foo::Foo()
operator delete(void*, size_t)
operator delete(void*, size_t)
operator delete(void*, size_t)
operator delete(void*, size_t)
int main()
{
Foo start;
Foo *p5 = new (100)Foo(1); // op-new(size_t, long) op-del(void*, long)
Foo *p6 = new (100, 'a')Foo(1); //
Foo *p7 = new (&start)Foo(1); //
Foo *p8 = new Foo(1); //
return 0;
}
输出:
Foo::Foo()
operator new(size_t size, long extra), size= 4 100
Foo::Foo(int)
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'Bad' // 构造函数抛出异常
说明
以上使用 mingw81 测试,operator delete(void *, long) 并未被调用;但G2.9确实有调用。
basic_string 使用 new (extra) 扩充申请量
- rep 的作用: 辅助实现引用计数(浅拷贝)【无声无息扩充内存】
**粗体** _斜体_ [链接](http://example.com) `代码` - 列表 > 引用
。你还可以使用@
来通知其他用户。