前言

以前需要异步执行一个任务时,一般是用Thread或者线程池Executor去创建。如果需要返回值,则是调用Executor.submit获取Future。但是多个线程存在依赖组合,我们又能怎么办?可使用同步组件CountDownLatch、CyclicBarrier等;其实有简单的方法,就是用CompeletableFuture

  • 线程任务的创建
  • 线程任务的串行执行
  • 线程任务的并行执行
  • 处理任务结果和异常
  • 多任务的简单组合
  • 取消执行线程任务
  • 任务结果的获取和完成与否判断

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1 创建异步线程任务

根据supplier创建CompletableFuture任务

//使用内置线程ForkJoinPool.commonPool(),根据supplier构建执行任务
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
//指定自定义线程,根据supplier构建执行任务
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

根据runnable创建CompletableFuture任务

//使用内置线程ForkJoinPool.commonPool(),根据runnable构建执行任务
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)
//指定自定义线程,根据runnable构建执行任务
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> rFuture = CompletableFuture
       .runAsync(() -> System.out.println("hello siting"), executor);
    //supplyAsync的使用
    CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           System.out.print("hello ");
           return "siting";
       }, executor);
    
    //阻塞等待,runAsync 的future 无返回值,输出null
    System.out.println(rFuture.join());
    //阻塞等待
    String name = future.join();
    System.out.println(name);
    executor.shutdown(); // 线程池需要关闭
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting
    null
    hello siting

    常量值作为CompletableFuture返回

    //有时候是需要构建一个常量的CompletableFuture
    public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> completedFuture(U value)

2 线程串行执行

任务完成则运行action,不关心上一个任务的结果,无返回值

public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRun(Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action)
//action用指定线程池执行
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       .thenRunAsync(() -> System.out.println("OK"), executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    OK

任务完成则运行action,依赖上一个任务的结果,无返回值

public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action)
//action用指定线程池执行
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       .thenAcceptAsync(System.out::println, executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting

任务完成则运行fn,依赖上一个任务的结果,有返回值

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)    
//fn用指定线程池执行
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello world", executor)
       .thenApplyAsync(data -> {
           System.out.println(data); return "OK";
       }, executor);
    System.out.println(future.join());
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello world
    OK

    thenCompose - 任务完成则运行fn,依赖上一个任务的结果,有返回值

  • 类似thenApply(区别是thenCompose的返回值是CompletionStage,thenApply则是返回 U),提供该方法为了和其他CompletableFuture任务更好地配套组合使用

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) 
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn,
       Executor executor)        
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,常量任务
    CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.completedFuture("OK");
    //第二个异步任务
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello world", executor)
       .thenComposeAsync(data -> {
           System.out.println(data); return f; //使用第一个任务作为返回
       }, executor);
    System.out.println(future.join());
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello world
    OK

3 线程并行执行

两个CompletableFuture并行执行完,然后执行action,不依赖上两个任务的结果,无返回值

public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,常量任务
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.completedFuture("hello world");
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       // () -> System.out.println("OK") 是第三个任务
       .runAfterBothAsync(first, () -> System.out.println("OK"), executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    OK

两个CompletableFuture并行执行完,然后执行action,依赖上两个任务的结果,无返回值

//调用方任务和other并行完成后执行action,action再依赖消费两个任务的结果,无返回值
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
        BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action)
//两个任务异步完成,fn再依赖消费两个任务的结果,无返回值,使用默认线程池
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
        BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action)  
//两个任务异步完成,fn(用指定线程池执行)再依赖消费两个任务的结果,无返回值                
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
        BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action, Executor executor) 
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,常量任务
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.completedFuture("hello world");
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       // (w, s) -> System.out.println(s) 是第三个任务
       .thenAcceptBothAsync(first, (s, w) -> System.out.println(s), executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting

两个CompletableFuture并行执行完,然后执行fn,依赖上两个任务的结果,有返回值

//调用方任务和other并行完成后,执行fn,fn再依赖消费两个任务的结果,有返回值
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, 
        BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
//两个任务异步完成,fn再依赖消费两个任务的结果,有返回值,使用默认线程池
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
        BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)   
//两个任务异步完成,fn(用指定线程池执行)再依赖消费两个任务的结果,有返回值        
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
        BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn, Executor executor)         
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,常量任务
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.completedFuture("hello world");
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       // (w, s) -> System.out.println(s) 是第三个任务
       .thenCombineAsync(first, (s, w) -> {
           System.out.println(s);
           return "OK";
       }, executor);
    System.out.println(future.join());
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting
    OK

4 线程并行执行,谁先执行完则谁触发下一任务(二者选其最快)

上一个任务或者other任务完成, 运行action,不依赖前一任务的结果,无返回值

public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)   
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)
//action用指定线程池执行
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,
        Runnable action, Executor executor)
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,休眠1秒,保证最晚执行晚
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{
        try{ Thread.sleep(1000); }catch (Exception e){}
        System.out.println("hello world");
        return "hello world";
    });
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() ->{
           System.out.println("hello siting");
           return "hello siting";
       } , executor)
       //() ->  System.out.println("OK") 是第三个任务
       .runAfterEitherAsync(first, () ->  System.out.println("OK") , executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting
    OK

上一个任务或者other任务完成, 运行action,依赖最先完成任务的结果,无返回值

public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Consumer<? super T> action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)       
//action用指定线程池执行
public CompletableFuture<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)     
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,休眠1秒,保证最晚执行晚
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{
        try{ Thread.sleep(1000);  }catch (Exception e){}
        return "hello world";
    });
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       // data ->  System.out.println(data) 是第三个任务
       .acceptEitherAsync(first, data ->  System.out.println(data) , executor);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting        

上一个任务或者other任务完成, 运行fn,依赖最先完成任务的结果,有返回值

public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Function<? super T, U> fn) 
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Function<? super T, U> fn)         
//fn用指定线程池执行
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,
        Function<? super T, U> fn, Executor executor)         
  • 使用示例

    //第一个异步任务,休眠1秒,保证最晚执行晚
    CompletableFuture<String> first = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()->{
        try{ Thread.sleep(1000);  }catch (Exception e){}
        return "hello world";
    });
    ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
    CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
       //第二个异步任务
       .supplyAsync(() -> "hello siting", executor)
       // data ->  System.out.println(data) 是第三个任务
       .applyToEitherAsync(first, data ->  {
           System.out.println(data);
           return "OK";
       } , executor);
    System.out.println(future);
    executor.shutdown();
    --------输出结果--------
    hello siting
    OK

5 处理任务结果或者异常

exceptionally-处理异常

public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn)
  • 如果之前的处理环节有异常问题,则会触发exceptionally的调用相当于 try...catch
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<Integer> first = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           if (true) {
               throw new RuntimeException("main error!");
           }
           return "hello world";
       })
       .thenApply(data -> 1)
       .exceptionally(e -> {
           e.printStackTrace(); // 异常捕捉处理,前面两个处理环节的日常都能捕获
           return 0;
       });

handle-任务完成或者异常时运行fn,返回值为fn的返回

  • 相比exceptionally而言,即可处理上一环节的异常也可以处理其正常返回值

    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn) 
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn) 
    public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn, 
       Executor executor)        
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<Integer> first = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           if (true) { throw new RuntimeException("main error!"); }
           return "hello world";
       })
       .thenApply(data -> 1)
       .handleAsync((data,e) -> {
           e.printStackTrace(); // 异常捕捉处理
           return data;
       });
    System.out.println(first.join());
    --------输出结果--------
    java.util.concurrent.CompletionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: main error!
        ... 5 more
    null

whenComplete-任务完成或者异常时运行action,有返回值

  • whenComplete与handle的区别在于,它不参与返回结果的处理,把它当成监听器即可
  • 即使异常被处理,在CompletableFuture外层,异常也会再次复现
  • 使用whenCompleteAsync时,返回结果则需要考虑多线程操作问题,毕竟会出现两个线程同时操作一个结果

    public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action) 
    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action) 
    public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action,
       Executor executor)        
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<AtomicBoolean> first = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           if (true) {  throw new RuntimeException("main error!"); }
           return "hello world";
       })
       .thenApply(data -> new AtomicBoolean(false))
       .whenCompleteAsync((data,e) -> {
           //异常捕捉处理, 但是异常还是会在外层复现
           System.out.println(e.getMessage());
       });
    first.join();
    --------输出结果--------
    java.lang.RuntimeException: main error!
    Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.CompletionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: main error!
        ... 5 more

6 多个任务的简单组合

public static CompletableFuture<Void> allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)
public static CompletableFuture<Object> anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)


  • 使用示例

     CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
       .allOf(CompletableFuture.completedFuture("A"),
               CompletableFuture.completedFuture("B"));
    //全部任务都需要执行完
    future.join();
    CompletableFuture<Object> future2 = CompletableFuture
       .anyOf(CompletableFuture.completedFuture("C"),
               CompletableFuture.completedFuture("D"));
    //其中一个任务行完即可
    future2.join();

8 取消执行线程任务

// mayInterruptIfRunning 无影响;如果任务未完成,则返回异常
public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) 
//任务是否取消
public boolean isCancelled()
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           try { Thread.sleep(1000);  } catch (Exception e) { }
           return "hello world";
       })
       .thenApply(data -> 1);
    
    System.out.println("任务取消前:" + future.isCancelled());
    // 如果任务未完成,则返回异常,需要对使用exceptionally,handle 对结果处理
    future.cancel(true);
    System.out.println("任务取消后:" + future.isCancelled());
    future = future.exceptionally(e -> {
        e.printStackTrace();
        return 0;
    });
    System.out.println(future.join());
    --------输出结果--------
    任务取消前:false
    任务取消后:true
    java.util.concurrent.CancellationException
        at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.cancel(CompletableFuture.java:2276)
        at Test.main(Test.java:25)
    0

9 任务的获取和完成与否判断

// 任务是否执行完成
public boolean isDone()
//阻塞等待 获取返回值
public T join()
// 阻塞等待 获取返回值,区别是get需要返回受检异常
public T get()
//等待阻塞一段时间,并获取返回值
public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
//未完成则返回指定value
public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)
//未完成,使用value作为任务执行的结果,任务结束。需要future.get获取
public boolean complete(T value)
//未完成,则是异常调用,返回异常结果,任务结束
public boolean completeExceptionally(Throwable ex)
//判断任务是否因发生异常结束的
public boolean isCompletedExceptionally()
//强制地将返回值设置为value,无论该之前任务是否完成;类似complete
public void obtrudeValue(T value)
//强制地让异常抛出,异常返回,无论该之前任务是否完成;类似completeExceptionally
public void obtrudeException(Throwable ex) 
  • 使用示例

    CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
       .supplyAsync(() -> {
           try { Thread.sleep(1000);  } catch (Exception e) { }
           return "hello world";
       })
       .thenApply(data -> 1);
    
    System.out.println("任务完成前:" + future.isDone());
    future.complete(10);
    System.out.println("任务完成后:" + future.join());
    --------输出结果--------
    任务完成前:false
    任务完成后:10

欢迎指正文中错误


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