CSS常见问题总结【面试回顾】

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trueYann
    阅读 14 分钟

    盒模型

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>盒模型</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        #div1 {
            width: 100px;
            padding: 10px;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            margin: 10px;
            box-sizing: border-box;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="div1">
        this is div1
    </div>

    <script>
        // document.getElementById('div1').offsetWidth
    </script>
</body>
</html>
    offsetWidth
    • 正常盒子模型宽度：内容宽度（width）+padding+border+margin
    • 控制总宽度为width：box-sizing：border-box
    margin纵向重叠
    • 相邻元素的margin-top和margin-bottom会发生重叠，最终高度会取大的
    • 空白内容的<p></p>也会重叠
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>margin 纵向重叠</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        p {
            font-size: 16px;
            line-height: 1;
            margin-top: 10px;
            margin-bottom: 15px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    
    <p>AAA</p>
    <p></p>
    <p></p>
    <p></p>
    <p>BBB</p>

</body>
</html>
    margin负值问题
    • top和left负值，元素向上、向左移动
    • right负值，右侧元素左移，自身不受影响
    • bottom负值，下方元素上移，自身不受影响
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>margin 负值</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        body {
            margin: 20px;
        }

        .float-left {
            float: left;
        }
        .clearfix:after {
            content: '';
            display: table;
            clear: both;
        }

        .container {
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            padding: 10px;
        }
        .container .item {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
        }
        .container .border-blue {
            border: 1px solid blue;
        }
        .container .border-red {
            border: 1px solid red;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    
    <p>用于测试 margin top bottom 的负数情况</p>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="item border-blue">
            this is item 1
        </div>
        <div class="item border-red">
            this is item 2
        </div>
    </div>

    <p>用于测试 margin left right 的负数情况</p>
    <div class="container clearfix">
        <div class="item border-blue float-left">
            this is item 3
        </div>
        <div class="item border-red float-left">
            this is item 4
        </div>
    </div>

</body>
</html>

    BFC理解与应用

    • Block format context，块级格式化上下文
    • 一块独立渲染区域，内部元素的渲染不会影响边界以外的元素

    形成BFC的常见条件

    • float 不是 none
    • position 是 absolute 或 fixed
    • overflow 不是 visible （为hidden）
    • display 是 flex inline-block 等

    BFC的常见应用

    • 清除浮动
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        .container {
            background-color: #f1f1f1;
        }
        .left {
            float: left;
        }
        .bfc {
            overflow: hidden; /* 触发元素 BFC */
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container bfc">
        <img src="https://www.imooc.com/static/img/index/logo.png" class="left" style="magin-right: 10px;"/>
        <p class="bfc">某一段文字……</p>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    布局

    圣杯布局和双飞翼布局的目的

    • 三栏布局，中间一栏最先加载和渲染
    • 两侧内容固定，中间内容随着宽度自适应
    • 一般用于PC网页

    圣杯布局和双飞翼布局的技术总结

    • 使用float布局
    • 两侧使用margin负值，以便和中间内容横向重叠
    • 防止中间内容被两侧覆盖，一个用padding一个用margin

    圣杯布局

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>圣杯布局</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        body {
            min-width: 550px;
        }
        #header {
            text-align: center;
            background-color: #f1f1f1;
        }

        #container {
            padding-left: 200px;
            padding-right: 150px;
        }
        #container .column {
            float: left;
        }

        #center {
            background-color: #ccc;
            width: 100%;
        }
        #left {
            position: relative;
            background-color: yellow;
            width: 200px;
            margin-left: -100%;
            right: 200px;
        }
        #right {
            background-color: red;
            width: 150px;
            margin-right: -150px;
        }

        #footer {
            text-align: center;
            background-color: #f1f1f1;
        }

        /* 手写 clearfix */
        .clearfix:after {
            content: '';
            display: table;
            clear: both;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="header">this is header</div>
    <div id="container" class="clearfix">
        <div id="center" class="column">this is center</div>
        <div id="left" class="column">this is left</div>
        <div id="right" class="column">this is right</div>
    </div>
    <div id="footer">this is footer</div>
</body>
</html>

    双飞翼布局

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>双飞翼布局</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        body {
            min-width: 550px;
        }
        .col {
            float: left;
        }

        #main {
            width: 100%;
            height: 200px;
            background-color: #ccc;
        }
        #main-wrap {
            margin: 0 190px 0 190px;
        }

        #left {
            width: 190px;
            height: 200px;
            background-color: #0000FF;
            margin-left: -100%;
        }
        #right {
            width: 190px;
            height: 200px;
            background-color: #FF0000;
            margin-left: -190px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="main" class="col">
        <div id="main-wrap">
            this is main
        </div>
    </div>
    <div id="left" class="col">
        this is left
    </div>
    <div id="right" class="col">
        this is right
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    flex 布局

    常用语法回顾：

    • flex-direction //横向、纵向
    • justify-content //对齐方式
    • align-items
    • flex-wrap
    • align-self

    画个三点的色子

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>flex 画骰子</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        .box {
            width: 200px;
            height: 200px;
            border: 2px solid #ccc;
            border-radius: 10px;
            padding: 20px;

            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
        }
        .item {
            display: block;
            width: 40px;
            height: 40px;
            border-radius: 50%;
            background-color: #666;
        }
        .item:nth-child(2) {
            align-self: center;
        }
        .item:nth-child(3) {
            align-self: flex-end;
        }

    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="box">
        <span class="item"></span>
        <span class="item"></span>
        <span class="item"></span>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    css 定位

    absolute 和 relative定位

    • relative 依据自身定位
    • absolute 依据最近一层的定位元素定位

    • 定位元素：

      • absolute relative fixed
      • body
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>absote relative 定位问题</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        body {
            margin: 20px;
        }
        .relative {
            position: relative;
            width: 400px;
            height: 200px;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;

            top: 20px;
            left: 50px;
        }
        .absolute {
            position: absolute;
            width: 200px;
            height: 100px;
            border: 1px solid blue;

            top: 20px;
            left: 50px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>

    <p>absolute 和 relative 定位问题</p>
    <div class="relative">
        <div class="absolute">
            this is absolute
        </div>
    </div>

</body>
</html>

    水平居中

    • inline元素：text-align：center
    • block元素：margin：auto
    • absolute元素：left：50% + margin-left负值

    垂直居中

    • inline元素：line-height的值等于height的值
    • absolute元素：top：50%+margin-top负值
    • absolute元素：transform（-50%，-50%）
    • absolute元素：top，left，bottom，right = 0 + margin：auto

    水平对齐

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>水平对齐</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        .container {
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            margin: 10px;
            padding: 10px;
        }
        .item {
            background-color: #ccc;
        }

        .container-1 {
            text-align: center;
        }

        .container-2 .item {
            width: 500px;
            margin: auto;
        }

        .container-3 {
            position: relative;
            height: 100px;
        }
        .container-3 .item {
            width: 300px;
            height: 100px;
            position: absolute;
            left: 50%;
            margin-left: -150px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container container-1">
        <span>一段文字</span>
    </div>

    <div class="container container-2">
        <div class="item">
            this is block item
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container container-3">
        <div class="item">
            this is absolute item
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    垂直对齐

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>垂直对齐</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        .container {
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            margin: 10px;
            padding: 10px;
            height: 200px;
        }
        .item {
            background-color: #ccc;
        }

        .container-1{
            text-align: center;
            line-height: 200px;
            height: 200px;
        }

        .container-2 {
            position: relative;
        }
        .container-2 .item {
            width: 300px;
            height: 100px;
            position: absolute;
            left: 50%;
            margin-left: -150px;
            top: 50%;
            margin-top: -50px;
        }

        .container-3 {
            position: relative;
        }
        .container-3 .item {
            width: 200px;
            height: 80px;
            position: absolute;
            left: 50%;
            top: 50%;
            transform: translate(-50%, -50%)
        }

        .container-4 {
            position: relative;
        }
        .container-4 .item {
            width: 100px;
            height: 50px;
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            left: 0;
            bottom: 0;
            right: 0;
            margin: auto;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container container-1">
        <span>一段文字</span>
    </div>

    <div class="container container-2">
        <div class="item">
            this is item
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container container-3">
        <div class="item">
            this is item
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="container container-4">
        <div class="item">
            this is item
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    css 图文样式

    line-height的继承

    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>line-height 继承问题</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        body {
            font-size: 20px;
            line-height: 200%;
        }
        p {
            background-color: #ccc;
            font-size: 16px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <p>这是一行文字</p>
</body>
</html>

    css 响应式

    rem概念

    • 相对长度单位，相对于根元素，常用于响应式布局
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>rem 演示</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        html {
            font-size: 100px;
        }
        div {
            background-color: #ccc;
            margin-top: 10px;
            font-size: 0.16rem;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>

    <p style="font-size: 0.1rem">rem 1</p>
    <p style="font-size: 0.2rem">rem 1</p>
    <p style="font-size: 0.3rem">rem 1</p>

    <div style="width: 1rem;">
        this is div1
    </div>
    <div style="width: 2rem;">
        this is div2
    </div>
    <div style="width: 3rem;">
        this is div3
    </div>

</body>
</html>

    响应式布局的常用方案

    • media-query，根据不同的屏幕宽度设置根元素font-size
    • rem，基于根元素的相对单位
    <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>响应式布局</title>
    <style type="text/css">
        @media only screen and (max-width: 374px) {
            /* iphone5 或者更小的尺寸，以 iphone5 的宽度（320px）比例设置 font-size */
            html {
                font-size: 86px;
            }
        }
        @media only screen and (min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px) {
            /* iphone6/7/8 和 iphone x */
            html {
                font-size: 100px;
            }
        }
        @media only screen and (min-width: 414px) {
            /* iphone6p 或者更大的尺寸，以 iphone6p 的宽度（414px）比例设置 font-size */
            html {
                font-size: 110px;
            }
        }

        body {
            font-size: 0.16rem;
        }
        #div1 {
            width: 1rem;
            background-color: #ccc;
        }

    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="div1">
        this is div
    </div>
</body>
</html>

    vw/vh

    • rem的弊端：阶梯性
    • vh：网页视口高度的1/100
    • vw：网页视口宽度的1/100
    • vmax取两者较大值；vmin相反
    css前端面试问题
    trueYann
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