了解Docker基本原理和要掌握的内容之后,我们就正式开始Docker的学习了。本篇内容主要介绍Docker的镜像和容器。
上篇回顾:Docker小白入门建议及基本原理介绍。下一篇预告:环境变量、数据卷等。
下面,一起来开始学习吧!
镜像
原理
如果只考虑 Docker 容器的操作系统属性,那么镜像=轻量级操作系统安装包。
如果需考虑 Docker 容器的应用软件属性,那么镜像=(轻量级操作系统+应用)安装包
例如:MySQL 镜像= 虚拟的 Linux 操作系统 + MySQL
镜像是怎么产生的?
用户编写镜像编排 Dockerfile,对这种文件进行 build 操作,就生成了一个镜像。
镜像是一个文件?
镜像从逻辑上可以简单理解是一个文件,但实际上是多层文件的组合。
所以,镜像虽然不是一个单独的文件,但可以被导出成为一个压缩文件:
# 镜像导出成一个tarball文件
docker save image
# 加载一个 tarball 镜像文件
docker load image
镜像存放在哪里?
运行容器时,Docker 会从 /var/lib/docker/image 目录下寻找是否镜像文件。
如果没有镜像文件,Docker 会尝试从 Dockerhub 镜像仓库 (opens new window)中下载到本地,然后运行。
仓库
众所周知,DockerHub 是由 Docker 官方运营的全球最大的镜像仓库。
实际上,除了 DockerHub 之外,还有多种构建仓库的方式:
自建仓库
支持自建仓库。一般云提供商均提供了镜像仓库服务,供客户存放自己的私有镜像。
加速仓库
如果从 Dockerhub 下载镜像镜像非常慢的话,就需要通过如下的方式修改仓库地址:
选择或获取你喜欢的国内镜像仓库(加速地址)
#1 Docker 中文社区 https://registry.docker-cn.com #2 网易仓库 http://hub-mirror.c.163.com #3 腾讯仓库 https://mirror.ccs.tencentyun.com #4 阿里云仓库 https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com
上述阿里云仓库加速地址仅供参考,建议登录控制台后,从后台获取 (opens new window)获取
修改 /etc/docker/daemon.json 文件(如果没有可以增加),插入下值
{ "registry-mirrors": ["https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com"] }
重启服务后生效
sudo systemctl daemon-reload sudo systemctl restart docker
Docker 支持配置多个仓库地址,类似:
{ "registry-mirrors": ["https://registry.docker-cn.com","https://f53jxx8r.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"] }
容器
容器是 Docker 最重要的组件,上面已经多次提到容器就是一个轻量级虚拟机。
运行容器
通过 docker run 命令运行容器,它的用法和参数如下(详情 (opens new window))。
Usage: docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
Run a command in a new container
Options:
--add-host list Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
-a, --attach list Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
--blkio-weight uint16 Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
--blkio-weight-device list Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
--cap-add list Add Linux capabilities
--cap-drop list Drop Linux capabilities
--cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container
--cgroupns string Cgroup namespace to use (host|private)
'host': Run the container in the Docker host's cgroup namespace
'private': Run the container in its own private cgroup namespace
'': Use the cgroup namespace as configured by the
default-cgroupns-mode option on the daemon (default)
--cidfile string Write the container ID to the file
--cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
--cpu-rt-period int Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
--cpu-rt-runtime int Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
-c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpus decimal Number of CPUs
--cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
-d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID
--detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container
--device list Add a host device to the container
--device-cgroup-rule list Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
--device-read-bps list Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
--device-read-iops list Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
--device-write-bps list Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
--device-write-iops list Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
--disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true)
--dns list Set custom DNS servers
--dns-option list Set DNS options
--dns-search list Set custom DNS search domains
--domainname string Container NIS domain name
--entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
-e, --env list Set environment variables
--env-file list Read in a file of environment variables
--expose list Expose a port or a range of ports
--gpus gpu-request GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
--group-add list Add additional groups to join
--health-cmd string Command to run to check health
--health-interval duration Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
--health-start-period duration Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
--help Print usage
-h, --hostname string Container host name
--init Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
-i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached
--ip string IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
--ip6 string IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
--ipc string IPC mode to use
--isolation string Container isolation technology
--kernel-memory bytes Kernel memory limit
-l, --label list Set meta data on a container
--label-file list Read in a line delimited file of labels
--link list Add link to another container
--link-local-ip list Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
--log-driver string Logging driver for the container
--log-opt list Log driver options
--mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
-m, --memory bytes Memory limit
--memory-reservation bytes Memory soft limit
--memory-swap bytes Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
--memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
--mount mount Attach a filesystem mount to the container
--name string Assign a name to the container
--network network Connect a container to a network
--network-alias list Add network-scoped alias for the container
--no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
--oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer
--oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
--pid string PID namespace to use
--pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
--platform string Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
--privileged Give extended privileges to this container
-p, --publish list Publish a container's port(s) to the host
-P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports
--pull string Pull image before running ("always"|"missing"|"never") (default "missing")
--read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
--restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
--rm Automatically remove the container when it exits
--runtime string Runtime to use for this container
--security-opt list Security Options
--shm-size bytes Size of /dev/shm
--sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
--stop-signal string Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
--stop-timeout int Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
--storage-opt list Storage driver options for the container
--sysctl map Sysctl options (default map[])
--tmpfs list Mount a tmpfs directory
-t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY
--ulimit ulimit Ulimit options (default [])
-u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
--userns string User namespace to use
--uts string UTS namespace to use
-v, --volume list Bind mount a volume
--volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container
--volumes-from list Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
-w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container
下面我们通过一个简单的示例,介绍如何运行一个容器:
- 找到一个 Docker 镜像,例如:MySQL(opens new window)
运行如下的命令启动一个 MySQL 容器
docker run --name mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql:tag
容器运行成功后,运行如下命令即可开始使用 MySQL 的客户端命令
docker exec -it mysql mysql -uroot -p123456
上述示例我们完成如下几个工作:
- 通过镜像页面找到运行容器的方案
- 运行一个容器
- 进入一个容器
创建镜像
Docker 的原理表明,容器的内核有一部分共享的 Docker 镜像的不变文件,另外一部分是可变文件。
所以,容器也可以很方便的转换成镜像。具体操作如下:
- 运行
docker ps
命令获取容器的 ID 号 将容器导出为压缩文件
# 容器导出成 tarball 文件 docker export -o mysql-`date +%Y%m%d`.tar f9fc8627b7fe # 查看文件 ls mysql-`date +%Y%m%d`.tar
将压缩文件转换成镜像
docker import mysql-20210416.tar mysql-test
运行
docker image ls
命令,查看刚转换成功的镜像$ docker image ls REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE mysql-test latest 05cb947f5572 5 seconds ago 209MB
从功能上讲,docker export相当于commit +save,先将容器commit成镜像,再save成文件。
下篇内容:境变量、数据卷等。期待您和小九一起继续学习~
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