SPI 的概念简介

SPI 是 Service Provider Interface 的简称,一般是指由厂商来实现并部署在应用程序 ClassPath 下的服务提供者接口。

ServiceLoader 类

ServiceLoader 是 JDK6 中提供的一种 SPI 的实现解决方案,下面以 JDBC 编程的使用步骤展开 ServiceLoader 的内部机制剖析。JDBC 编程一般有五个步骤:

1、执行数据库驱动类加载

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.driver")

2、创建数据库连接

DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password) 

3、创建SQL语句

Connection#creatstatement();

4、执行SQL语句并处理结果集

Statement#executeQuery()

5、释放资源

ResultSet#close()
Statement#close()
Connection#close()

上面第 2 步创建数据库连接中就使用了 ServiceLoader 来实现数据库驱动类的加载。下面进行相关的开发步骤和源码分析:

第一步、定义服务接口

public interface Driver {
    Connection connect(String url, java.util.Properties info)
        throws SQLException;
}

第二步、实现服务接口
数据库厂商提供一个或多个实现 Driver 接口的驱动实现类,下面以 mysql 为例:

package com.mysql.cj.jdbc;

import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
    public Driver() throws SQLException {
    }

    static {
        try {
            DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
        } catch (SQLException var1) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
        }
    }
}

第三步、注册实现类到配置文件
在工程目录 java 的同级目录中新建目录 resources/META-INF/services,在 services 目录下新建一个配置文件 java.sql.Driver(文件名为服务接口的全限定名),文件中每一行是实现类的全限定名。

com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

image.png

第四步、(使用方)加载服务
服务加载在 DriverManager 类中实现,进入 DriverManager 类,静态初始化块代码。

static {
    loadInitialDrivers();
    println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
}

进入 loadInitialDrivers() 方法,这个方法内部使用了 ServiceLoader。

private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
    String drivers;
    try {
        drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
            public String run() {
                return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
            }
        });
    } catch (Exception ex) {
        drivers = null;
    }
    // If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
    // Get all the drivers through the classloader
    // exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
    // ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()

    AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
        public Void run() {

            ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
            Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();

            /* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
             * It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
             * i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
             * as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
             * may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
             * will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
             * and load the service.
             *
             * Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
             * if driver not available in classpath but it's
             * packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
             */
            try{
                while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
                    driversIterator.next();
                }
            } catch(Throwable t) {
            // Do nothing
            }
            return null;
        }
    });

    println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);

    if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
        return;
    }
    String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
    println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
    for (String aDriver : driversList) {
        try {
            println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
            Class.forName(aDriver, true,
                    ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
        }
    }
}

进入 ServiceLoader 的 load() 方法,这里获取线程上下文类加载器 ContextClassLoader,这个类加载器默认是应用程序类加载器,可以找到应用程序中的类进行加载。

public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service) {
    ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
    return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);
}

继续进入 ServiceLoader 的重载 load() 方法,里面调用了 ServiceLoader 的构造函数

private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
    service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
    loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
    acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;
    reload();
}

其中 reload() 方法中首先清空 providers,然后构建了一个 LazyIterator。LazyIterator 是 ServiceLoader 内部实现的一个懒加载迭代器,这个迭代器在进行遍历的时候才会真正的加载资源。

public void reload() {
    providers.clear();
    lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
}

下面看看 LazyIterator 的 hasNextService() 方法实现

private boolean hasNextService() {
    if (nextName != null) {
        return true;
    }
    if (configs == null) {
        try {
            String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
            if (loader == null)
                configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
            else
                configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
        } catch (IOException x) {
            fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
        }
    }
    while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
        if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
            return false;
        }
        pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
    }
    nextName = pending.next();
    return true;
}

通过 PREFIX + service.getName() 构建出了 fullName,PREFIX 的定义如下:

private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";

service.getName() 的返回结果是 java.sql.Driver,所以 fullName 的值就是 META-INF/services/java.sql.Driver ,即配置文件的路径。其中配置的是厂商的数据库驱动实现类,比如:com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver,nextName 的值就是 com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver。

真正的驱动实现类的实例化是在 nextService() 方法中

private S nextService() {
    if (!hasNextService())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    String cn = nextName;
    nextName = null;
    Class<?> c = null;
    try {
        c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " not found");
    }
    if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype");
    }
    try {
        S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
        providers.put(cn, p);
        return p;
    } catch (Throwable x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
             x);
    }
    throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
}

其中通过 nextName(数据库驱动类的全限定名)得到 Class 对象,然后进行 isAssignableFrom 验证,验证通过后通过反射机制实例化一个实例,并缓存到 providers 中,key 就是数据库驱动类的全限定名,value 就是对应的实例化对象。providers 的定义是一个 LinkedHashMap。

private LinkedHashMap<String,S> providers = new LinkedHashMap<>();

到此,所有的数据库驱动类的实例就缓存到了 ServiceLoader 类的 providers 中。ServiceLoader 实现了 Iterable 接口,可以通过遍历 ServiceLoader 实现对 providers 中数据库驱动类实例的遍历查找。

数据库驱动类已加载,驱动类的实例对象也已经生成了,建立连接的动作是 DriverManager 中的 getConnection 方法,源码如下:

    //  Worker method called by the public getConnection() methods.
    private static Connection getConnection(
        String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
        /*
         * When callerCl is null, we should check the application's
         * (which is invoking this class indirectly)
         * classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar
         * can be loaded from here.
         */
        ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
        synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
            // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
            if (callerCL == null) {
                callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
            }
        }

        if(url == null) {
            throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
        }

        println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");

        // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
        // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
        SQLException reason = null;

        for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
            // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
            // skip it.
            if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
                try {
                    println("    trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                    Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
                    if (con != null) {
                        // Success!
                        println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                        return (con);
                    }
                } catch (SQLException ex) {
                    if (reason == null) {
                        reason = ex;
                    }
                }

            } else {
                println("    skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
            }

        }

        // if we got here nobody could connect.
        if (reason != null)    {
            println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
            throw reason;
        }

        println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
        throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
    }

getConnection 方法中主要是遍历 registeredDrivers,通过其中注册的 Driver 进行连接建立,而 registeredDrivers 里面的 Driver 是什么时候创建并注册到 registeredDrivers 中的呢?以 mysql 为例,上面也有提到 com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver 类的代码如下:

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
    public Driver() throws SQLException {
    }

    static {
        try {
            DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
        } catch (SQLException var1) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
        }
    }
}

static 代码块在 Driver 类加载的初始化阶段会被调用,将自己的实例对象注册到了 registeredDrivers 中,在 JDBC 的 SPI 加载流程中,ServiceLoader 的作用可以简单总结为是数据区驱动类的加载(注册驱动类实例对象到 registeredDrivers)和实例对象的缓存。

总结

SPI 的加载机制是一种接口与实现分离的设计思想,通过简单改变配置(比如:更换数据库驱动类)可以很容易在多个具体的实现之间切换,其中也体现了一种配置大于编码的思想。


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