SpringBoot

SpringBoot是Java应用的开发框架,基于Spring4.0设计,继承了Spring框架原有的优秀特性,还并通过简化配置来进一步优化了Spring应用的整个搭建和开发过程,SpringBoot通过集成大量的框架,很好的解决了依赖包版本冲突,以及引用不稳定性等问题

SpringBoot 特性

  1. 创建独立的Spring应用
  2. 内嵌Tomcat或Jetty等Servlet容器,应用打包后即可直接运行
  3. 提供一系列预设配置来简化配置
  4. 尽可能自动配置Spring容器与三方类库
  5. 提供可用于生产的特性,如度量、运行状况检查和外部化配置
  6. 不需要代码生成,不需要XML配置

自动装配

自动装配是为了从spring.factories文件中获取到对应需要进行自动装配的类,并生成相应的Bean对象,然后将它们交给spring容器来管理嘛,自动装配是 SpringBoot 的核心,我们只要引入一个 starter 组件依赖就能实现自动装配

依赖

<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>2.6.3</version>
    <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>

启动类

@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
    }
}

@SpringBootApplication

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
        @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
    // 内容省略
}

由源码可知,@SpringBootApplication实际是由3个关键的注解组成

  1. @SpringBootConfiguration
  2. @EnableAutoConfiguration
  3. @ComponentScan

@SpringBootConfiguration

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
@Indexed
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
    // 内容省略
}

由源码可知,@SpringBootConfiguration 实际上就是一个 @Configuration 注解,就是为了让当前类作为一个配置类交由 Spring 的 IOC 容器进行管理

@ComponentScan

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Documented
@Repeatable(ComponentScans.class)
public @interface ComponentScan  {
    // 内容省略
}

由源码可知,@ComponentScan 等价于在 xml 文件中配置 context:component-scan,SpringBoot 会默认扫描当前类所在的包及其子包中的所有标注了 @Component,@Service,@Controller 等注解的类

@EnableAutoConfiguration

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
    // 内容省略
}

由源码可知,@EnableAutoConfiguration 是由 @AutoConfigurationPackage 与 @Import 组成的注解,而AutoConfigurationImportSelector正是自动装配的核心;AutoConfigurationImportSelector实现了顶层接口ImportSelector,在selectImports方法中,首先判断SpringBoot是否开启自动配置,如开启则进一步获取需要自动装配的类

@Override
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
    if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
        return NO_IMPORTS;
    }
    AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry = getAutoConfigurationEntry(annotationMetadata);
    return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
}

protected AutoConfigurationEntry getAutoConfigurationEntry(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
    if (!isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
        return EMPTY_ENTRY;
    }
    AnnotationAttributes attributes = getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
    List<String> configurations = getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
    configurations = removeDuplicates(configurations);
    Set<String> exclusions = getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
    checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
    configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
    configurations = getConfigurationClassFilter().filter(configurations);
    fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
    return new AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
}

protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
    List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),
            getBeanClassLoader());
    Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
            + "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
    return configurations;
}

其中的重点就在SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames这一行代码中

public final class SpringFactoriesLoader {

/**
 * The location to look for factories.
 * <p>Can be present in multiple JAR files.
 */
public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";

private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(SpringFactoriesLoader.class);

static final Map<ClassLoader, Map<String, List<String>>> cache = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>();

private SpringFactoriesLoader() {
}

至此已可以看出,为何SpringBoot的依赖中会存在.factories文件,loadFactoryNames 方法会去 META-INF/spring.factories 文件中根据 EnableAutoConfiguration 的全限定类名获取到我们需要导入的类,而 EnableAutoConfiguration 类的全限定类名为
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
image.png

@AutoConfigurationPackage

@AutoConfigurationPackage 注解会将添加该注解的类所在的 package 作为自动配置 package 进行管理,也就是说当SpringBoot应用启动时,默认会将启动类所在的package作为自动配置的package

总结

  • SpringBoot 是基于 Spring 的框架
  • SpringBoot 预置了许多依赖,并简化了 Spring 原有的配置,使开发更加简单快捷
  • SpringBoot 通过 AutoConfigurationImportSelector 与 META-INF/spring.factories 省去了一些类的配置过程,实现了自动装配

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