1. 深度分页

1.1. 定义

早些年在企业表格类的页面中,我们总能见到分页的那种表格设计。当分页的页数太多,还设计了“跳转到x页”的功能。

我们这里讲的“深度分页”,就是指当分页太多(假设有几十万页),当访问第几万页时,必然会查询很慢。因为针对通常对于分页的搜索,都是将几万页的数据查出来,然后取差集,只返回当前页的数据。只为了返回一页的数据,却查询的很深入,带来的性能代价很大。

1.2. 需求上杜绝

1. 少分页

首先,我们先想想这样的需求设计是否合理,谁会在一个表格中跳到第几万页查看数据。我们如果想要找到想要的内容,应该是通过搜索,而非每页都点进去去看。

所以看看百度、谷歌搜索引擎的设计,都是最多只展示10页。

2. “翻页”替代“跳页”

那如果有些场景,我就需要查看所有页面的内容呢?例如:贴吧的评论等。ok,就算有这种情况,也不应该存在“跳页”的需求,可以设计成一页一页的“翻页”。

例如我们身边很多app的设计:下拉刷新更多。每下拉一次,就多展示一页数据。

总结来看,实在想不到需要深度“跳页”的需求,那就应该在需求上杜绝。如果为了一个没必要的需求,需要对研发、服务器投入大量的资源消耗,是很浪费的。

1.3. 技术实现

下面是从 mysql 和 elasticsearch 的维度讲讲深度分页的实现。这里先总结一下:

  • mysql:深度分页,包括跳页也能做,可以通过减少回表提高性能
  • elasticsearch:天然不建议跳页,但提供了翻页的优化方案

2. mysql深度分页优化

2.1. 减少回表

优化前

表格查询,基本上查询的字段都要求很多。按照通常分页查询的场景,假设正常分页查询的sql如下:

select * from table_name where userId = 'xxx' limit 10000, 10

就算我们基于 userId 创建普通索引,因为 select * ,我们依然要先基于普通索引查询 10010 条数据,然后回表查询 10010 次,但最后再将前 10000条数据丢掉,只取10条。

优化后

优化的sql是:

select * from table_name where id in (select id from table_name where userId = 'xxx'  limit 10000, 10)

这里建立子查询,子查询中只查询了主键,可以走普通索引直接查到。而最终的回表查询,只是查 10 条数据。所以,避免了 10000 次的回表,而且避免了 10000 次 select * 带来的 io 浪费。

这里的优化,适用于翻页、跳页的场景。那么下面针对于翻页,还可以进一步优化。

2.2. 翻页优化

如果是翻页,那每一次查询,都能拿到上一次查询的最后一条数据。这里有个前提,就看我们分页搜索是根据什么字段排序的。这里先假设是根据id排序的,id是顺序的(自增长或雪花ID),假设上一次查询的id为 15000,那么sql可以是:

select * from table_name where userId = 'xxx' and id > 15000  limit 0, 10

3. es深度分页

3.1. from/size

这个是我们最常用的 es 分页语法了。但是它天然不支持深度分页。

要求:from + size < max_result_window ,否则es查询就会报错。而es max_result_window默认值为 10000。为什么呢?

假设 es 索引创建了8个分片,假设我们查询 from=1000,size=10,第101页的10条数据,实际需要查询多少数据呢?

因为 es 不知道这第 101页的数据在哪个分片,所以协调节点发请求命令到每个分片对应的数据节点上,从每个分片都获取了 1010 条数据。

此时协调节点中一共获取到了 1010 * 8 = 8080 条数据,再基于协调节点的内存做排序,拿到符合 from=1000,size=10 的10条数据,最终将 8070 条数据丢弃。

这里就分页到了101页,如果分页上万呢,如果es的索引分片更多呢?就为了获取这10条数据,对es的内存等性能损害太大了,所以才有了 max_result_window 的限制。

3.2. scroll遍历

ES官方不再推荐使用Scroll API 进行深度分页。 如果您需要在分页超过 10,000 个点击时保留索引状态,请使用带有时间点 (PIT) 的 search_after 参数。所以这里就不多说了。

Scroll API 原理上是对某次查询生成一个游标 scroll_id , 后续的查询只需要根据这个游标去取数据,直到结果集中返回的 hits 字段为空,就表示遍历结束。scroll_id 的生成可以理解为建立了一个临时的历史快照,在此之后的增删改查等操作不会影响到这个快照的结果。

所有文档获取完毕之后,需要手动清理掉 scroll_id 。虽然es 会有自动清理机制,但是 srcoll_id 的存在会耗费大量的资源来保存一份当前查询结果集映像,并且会占用文件描述符。所以用完之后要及时清理。使用 es 提供的 CLEAR_API 来删除指定的 scroll_id。

3.3. search after

当我们在es搜索时用到 sort 排序,默认返回数据中每个对象都会带上 sort值,如:

1. 全部数据

请求:

GET operation_log/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "sort": [
    {
      "operation_time": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ]
}

返回:

{
  "took" : 0,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 7,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "0nPH_4MBMgWicIn2Nxwj",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "22.1.11.0",
          "trace_id" : "780821e89b2dc653",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 12:31:10",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-1",
          "object_name" : "《2022员工绩效打分细则》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-3",
          "operator_name" : "王五",
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664713870000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1nPI_4MBMgWicIn2-hzS",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.0.0.0",
          "trace_id" : "670021ff9a28768",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 09:32:00",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-b",
          "object_name" : "《有NULL的文档》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-b",
          "operator_name" : "路人B",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664703120000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1XPI_4MBMgWicIn21xwt",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.0.0.0",
          "trace_id" : "670021ff9a28ei6",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 09:31:00",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-a",
          "object_name" : "《有空字符串的文档》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-a",
          "operator_dept_id" : "",
          "operator_dept_name" : "",
          "operator_name" : "路人A",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664703060000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "0XPG_4MBMgWicIn2_Bxn",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "trace_id" : "990821e89a2dc653",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-2",
          "ip" : "22.1.11.0",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "UPDATE",
          "changes" : [
            {
              "old_value" : "仅李四可查看",
              "new_value" : "全员可查看",
              "field_name" : "查看权限"
            },
            {
              "old_value" : "仅李四可查看",
              "new_value" : "人力资源部可查看",
              "field_name" : "编辑权限"
            }
          ],
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "object_id" : "fffff-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "operator_name" : "李四",
          "operation_time" : "2022-09-05 11:31:10",
          "object_name" : "《2022员工绩效打分细则》",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理->文件权限"
        },
        "sort" : [
          1662377470000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1HPI_4MBMgWicIn2rhyD",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "trace_id" : "670021e89a2dc655",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-2",
          "ip" : "10.1.11.5",
          "module" : "企业组织",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "changes" : [ ],
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "object_id" : "xxxxx-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "operator_name" : "李四",
          "operation_time" : "2022-05-05 10:35:12",
          "object_name" : "成德善",
          "location" : "企业组织->员工管理->身份管理"
        },
        "sort" : [
          1651746912000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "03PI_4MBMgWicIn2chxb",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.1.11.1",
          "trace_id" : "670021e89a2dc7b6",
          "operation_time" : "2022-05-03 09:35:10",
          "module" : "企业组织",
          "action_code" : "ADD",
          "location" : "企业组织->员工管理->身份管理",
          "object_id" : "xxxxx-2",
          "object_name" : "成宝拉",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-1",
          "operator_name" : "张三",
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "研发中心-后端一部",
          "changes" : [
            {
              "field_name" : "姓名",
              "new_value" : "成宝拉"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "性别",
              "new_value" : "女"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "手机号码",
              "new_value" : "13055770002"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "邮箱",
              "new_value" : "baola@qq.com"
            }
          ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1651570510000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "0HPG_4MBMgWicIn2yxxE",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.1.11.1",
          "trace_id" : "670021ff9a2dc6b7",
          "operation_time" : "2022-05-02 09:31:18",
          "module" : "企业组织",
          "action_code" : "UPDATE",
          "location" : "企业组织->员工管理->身份管理",
          "object_id" : "xxxxx-1",
          "object_name" : "成德善",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-1",
          "operator_name" : "张三",
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "研发中心-后端一部",
          "changes" : [
            {
              "field_name" : "手机号码",
              "old_value" : "13055660000",
              "new_value" : "13055770001"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "姓名",
              "old_value" : "成德善",
              "new_value" : "成秀妍"
            }
          ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1651483878000
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

可以查到一共7条数据,然后每条数据的 sort

2. 查 0,3 条数据

请求:

GET operation_log/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "sort": [
    {
      "operation_time": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "from": 0,
  "size": 3
}

返回:

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 7,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "0nPH_4MBMgWicIn2Nxwj",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "22.1.11.0",
          "trace_id" : "780821e89b2dc653",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 12:31:10",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-1",
          "object_name" : "《2022员工绩效打分细则》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-3",
          "operator_name" : "王五",
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664713870000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1nPI_4MBMgWicIn2-hzS",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.0.0.0",
          "trace_id" : "670021ff9a28768",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 09:32:00",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-b",
          "object_name" : "《有NULL的文档》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-b",
          "operator_name" : "路人B",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664703120000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1XPI_4MBMgWicIn21xwt",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.0.0.0",
          "trace_id" : "670021ff9a28ei6",
          "operation_time" : "2022-10-02 09:31:00",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理",
          "object_id" : "fffff-a",
          "object_name" : "《有空字符串的文档》",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-a",
          "operator_dept_id" : "",
          "operator_dept_name" : "",
          "operator_name" : "路人A",
          "changes" : [ ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1664703060000
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

拿到最后一条(第3条)数据的 sort[1664703060000],查询后续的3条。

3. 查 3,6 条数据

请求:

GET operation_log/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "sort": [
    {
      "operation_time": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "from": 0,
  "size": 3,
  "search_after": [
    1664703060000
  ]
}

返回:

{
  "took" : 1,
  "timed_out" : false,
  "_shards" : {
    "total" : 1,
    "successful" : 1,
    "skipped" : 0,
    "failed" : 0
  },
  "hits" : {
    "total" : {
      "value" : 7,
      "relation" : "eq"
    },
    "max_score" : null,
    "hits" : [
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "0XPG_4MBMgWicIn2_Bxn",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "trace_id" : "990821e89a2dc653",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-2",
          "ip" : "22.1.11.0",
          "module" : "资源中心",
          "action_code" : "UPDATE",
          "changes" : [
            {
              "old_value" : "仅李四可查看",
              "new_value" : "全员可查看",
              "field_name" : "查看权限"
            },
            {
              "old_value" : "仅李四可查看",
              "new_value" : "人力资源部可查看",
              "field_name" : "编辑权限"
            }
          ],
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "object_id" : "fffff-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "operator_name" : "李四",
          "operation_time" : "2022-09-05 11:31:10",
          "object_name" : "《2022员工绩效打分细则》",
          "location" : "资源中心->文件管理->文件权限"
        },
        "sort" : [
          1662377470000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "1HPI_4MBMgWicIn2rhyD",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "trace_id" : "670021e89a2dc655",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-2",
          "ip" : "10.1.11.5",
          "module" : "企业组织",
          "action_code" : "DELETE",
          "changes" : [ ],
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-2",
          "object_id" : "xxxxx-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "人力资源部",
          "operator_name" : "李四",
          "operation_time" : "2022-05-05 10:35:12",
          "object_name" : "成德善",
          "location" : "企业组织->员工管理->身份管理"
        },
        "sort" : [
          1651746912000
        ]
      },
      {
        "_index" : "operation_log",
        "_type" : "_doc",
        "_id" : "03PI_4MBMgWicIn2chxb",
        "_score" : null,
        "_source" : {
          "ip" : "10.1.11.1",
          "trace_id" : "670021e89a2dc7b6",
          "operation_time" : "2022-05-03 09:35:10",
          "module" : "企业组织",
          "action_code" : "ADD",
          "location" : "企业组织->员工管理->身份管理",
          "object_id" : "xxxxx-2",
          "object_name" : "成宝拉",
          "operator_id" : "operator_id-1",
          "operator_name" : "张三",
          "operator_dept_id" : "operator_dept_id-1",
          "operator_dept_name" : "研发中心-后端一部",
          "changes" : [
            {
              "field_name" : "姓名",
              "new_value" : "成宝拉"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "性别",
              "new_value" : "女"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "手机号码",
              "new_value" : "13055770002"
            },
            {
              "field_name" : "邮箱",
              "new_value" : "baola@qq.com"
            }
          ]
        },
        "sort" : [
          1651570510000
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

3.4. pit(search after)

使用 search_after 需要具有相同查询和排序值的多个搜索请求。 如果在这些请求之间发生刷新,结果的顺序可能会发生变化,从而导致跨页面的结果不一致。 为防止出现这种情况,您可以创建一个时间点 (PIT) 以保留搜索中的当前索引状态。

1. 创建pit

请求

POST operation_log/_pit?keep_alive=10m

返回:

{
  "id" : "i9W1AwENb3BlcmF0aW9uX2xvZxZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnABY1SVZXdWt3Y1JEaUNndzMwNHFZNkhBAAAAAAAAACTZFmtMZ2xzTTVZVGI2V1JxaDV6dFdXMVEAARZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnAAA="
}
2. 带上pit去查询 0,3=
GET _search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "sort": [
    {
      "operation_time": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "from": 0,
  "size": 3,
  "pit": {
    "id": "i9W1AwENb3BlcmF0aW9uX2xvZxZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnABY1SVZXdWt3Y1JEaUNndzMwNHFZNkhBAAAAAAAAACTZFmtMZ2xzTTVZVGI2V1JxaDV6dFdXMVEAARZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnAAA=",
    "keep_alive": "10m"
  }
}

这里要注意的是 GET _search,并没有指定索引。因为从设计上来看,通过 pit id,就已经能找到当初创建pit的索引了。

2. 带上pit去查询 3,6=
GET _search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  },
  "sort": [
    {
      "operation_time": {
        "order": "desc"
      }
    }
  ],
  "from": 0,
  "size": 3,
  "search_after": [
    1664703060000
  ],
  "pit": {
    "id": "i9W1AwENb3BlcmF0aW9uX2xvZxZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnABY1SVZXdWt3Y1JEaUNndzMwNHFZNkhBAAAAAAAAACTZFmtMZ2xzTTVZVGI2V1JxaDV6dFdXMVEAARZYRllDdWw4d1NFbTZDaXJhYXU1VGhnAAA=",
    "keep_alive": "10m"
  }
}

3.5. 性能对比

分别分页获取1 - 10,49000 - 49010,99000 - 99010范围各10条数据(前提10w条),性能大致是这样:

分页方式1~1049000~4901099000~99010
from/size8ms30ms117ms
scroll7ms66ms36ms
search_after5ms8ms7ms

KerryWu
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