缘由
一般公司会有性能测试团队，项目上线前需要对页面和接口进行压测，大多数是对接口进行压测，对接口的并发度和耗时进行测评。公司暂时没有性能测试的岗位人员，需开发人员对项目接口进行自行测试，在了解一番接口压测后，开始了压测工作，压测技能对开发人员还是比较重要的，一方面可以验证功能设计是否达标，另一方面也是提前检测出功能的性能问题避免线上扩容后，程序性能依然不能提升的尴尬，还能反向带动开发人员的技术素养。
简述
压测与开发相比，存在很多不同，开发人员上手肯定有一些不习惯，今天总结这篇文章，希望可以帮助开发人员顺利开展压测工作。
正文
压测工作有专门的文档介绍，可以自行百度，这里会从实战的角度进行讲述。
准备工作
- 首先需要对压测的项目业务流程十分熟悉，哪些业务场景是高频的，需要重点关注。
- 接着就要准备压测环境，搭建Mysql \ Redis \ Nacos \ Seata \ Sentinel \ Promethues \ Grafana ... 部署项目
- 最后一步就是根据业务需要编写Jmeter脚本。
选择的业务场景没有绝对的标准，可以内部讨论哪些接口需要进行压测，也可以对自己开发的接口进行压测。
开始准备压测环境，建议选择云服务器，抢占式实例真的很便宜，一个小时2毛钱，买个10台服务器，测试5个小时的成本和一份快餐费用差不多。
部署的中间件最好和生产环境保持一致，千万不要使用和生产环境相差太多的版本。
# 部署Docker
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
yum install -y docker-ce-19.03.13-3.el8 docker-ce-cli-19.03.13-3.el8 containerd.io
cat >> /etc/docker/daemon.json << EOF
{
"registry-mirrors": ["https://i1ntfhil.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
"log-driver": "json-file",
"log-opts": {
"max-size": "100m"
},
"storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
EOF
systemctl enable docker && systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart docker# 部署Mysql 5.7
yum install -y mysql-server
systemctl enable mysqld && systemctl start mysqld
# yum 安装的MySQL 一开始是没有root密码的 可以进入MySQL后再设置
# 输入 mysql 直接登录即可
# 创建 export mysql 用户
create user 'mysql_monitor'@'localhost' identified by 'xxxx';
GRANT REPLICATION CLIENT, PROCESS ON *.* TO 'mysql_monitor'@'localhost';
GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.* TO 'mysql_monitor'@'localhost';
# 修改密码
ALTER USER mysql_monitor@localhost IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'xxxxx';
# 创建用户并授权
create user 'test'@'%' identified by 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx';
CREATE DATABASE `my_db`;
grant all privileges on my_db.* to 'test'@'%' with grant option;
# 设置root密码
alter user 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx';
# 刷新权限
flush privileges;
# 部署 redis
wget https://download.redis.io/releases/redis-5.0.14.tar.gz
tar -zxvf redis-5.0.14.tar.gz
cd redis-5.0.14/
vim ./redis.conf
make install
./src/redis-server redis.confpromethues 和 grafana 的部署大家可以自行补充，版本选择比较随意，与项目关联不大，下面是一个grafana模板，用了好久挺不错的，有需要的可以拿去尝试。
{
"annotations": {
"list": [
{
"builtIn": 1,
"datasource": "-- Grafana --",
"enable": true,
"hide": true,
"iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
"limit": 100,
"name": "Annotations & Alerts",
"showIn": 0,
"type": "dashboard"
},
{
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"enable": true,
"expr": "resets(process_uptime_seconds{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}[1m]) > 0",
"iconColor": "rgba(255, 96, 96, 1)",
"name": "Restart Detection",
"showIn": 0,
"step": "1m",
"tagKeys": "restart-tag",
"textFormat": "uptime reset",
"titleFormat": "Restart"
}
]
},
"description": "Dashboard for Micrometer instrumented applications (Java, Spring Boot, Micronaut)",
"editable": true,
"gnetId": 4701,
"graphTooltip": 1,
"id": 4,
"iteration": 1680770549619,
"links": [],
"panels": [
{
"collapsed": false,
"datasource": null,
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 0
},
"id": 125,
"panels": [],
"repeat": null,
"title": "Quick Facts",
"type": "row"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"decimals": 1,
"mappings": [
{
"options": {
"match": "null",
"result": {
"text": "N/A"
}
},
"type": "special"
}
],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 80
}
]
},
"unit": "s"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 3,
"w": 6,
"x": 0,
"y": 1
},
"id": 63,
"interval": null,
"links": [],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"options": {
"colorMode": "value",
"graphMode": "none",
"justifyMode": "auto",
"orientation": "horizontal",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"text": {},
"textMode": "auto"
},
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "process_uptime_seconds{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 14400
}
],
"title": "Uptime",
"type": "stat"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"mappings": [
{
"options": {
"match": "null",
"result": {
"text": "N/A"
}
},
"type": "special"
}
],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 80
}
]
},
"unit": "dateTimeAsIso"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 3,
"w": 6,
"x": 6,
"y": 1
},
"id": 92,
"interval": null,
"links": [],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"options": {
"colorMode": "value",
"graphMode": "none",
"justifyMode": "auto",
"orientation": "horizontal",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"text": {
"valueSize": 33
},
"textMode": "auto"
},
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "process_start_time_seconds{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}*1000",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 14400
}
],
"title": "Start time",
"type": "stat"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"decimals": 2,
"mappings": [
{
"options": {
"match": "null",
"result": {
"text": "N/A"
}
},
"type": "special"
}
],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"value": 70
},
{
"color": "rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)",
"value": 90
}
]
},
"unit": "percent"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 3,
"w": 6,
"x": 12,
"y": 1
},
"id": 65,
"interval": null,
"links": [],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"options": {
"colorMode": "value",
"graphMode": "none",
"justifyMode": "auto",
"orientation": "horizontal",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"text": {},
"textMode": "auto"
},
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(jvm_memory_used_bytes{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", area=\"heap\"})*100/sum(jvm_memory_max_bytes{application=\"$application\",instance=\"$instance\", area=\"heap\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 14400
}
],
"title": "Heap used",
"type": "stat"
},
{
"cacheTimeout": null,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"decimals": 2,
"mappings": [
{
"options": {
"match": "null",
"result": {
"text": "N/A"
}
},
"type": "special"
},
{
"options": {
"from": -1e+32,
"result": {
"text": "N/A"
},
"to": 0
},
"type": "range"
}
],
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "rgba(50, 172, 45, 0.97)",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "rgba(237, 129, 40, 0.89)",
"value": 70
},
{
"color": "rgba(245, 54, 54, 0.9)",
"value": 90
}
]
},
"unit": "percent"
},
"overrides": []
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 3,
"w": 6,
"x": 18,
"y": 1
},
"id": 75,
"interval": null,
"links": [],
"maxDataPoints": 100,
"options": {
"colorMode": "value",
"graphMode": "none",
"justifyMode": "auto",
"orientation": "horizontal",
"reduceOptions": {
"calcs": [
"lastNotNull"
],
"fields": "",
"values": false
},
"text": {},
"textMode": "auto"
},
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(jvm_memory_used_bytes{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", area=\"nonheap\"})*100/sum(jvm_memory_max_bytes{application=\"$application\",instance=\"$instance\", area=\"nonheap\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 14400
}
],
"title": "Non-Heap used",
"type": "stat"
},
{
"collapsed": false,
"datasource": null,
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 4
},
"id": 126,
"panels": [],
"repeat": null,
"title": "I/O Overview",
"type": "row"
},
{
"aliasColors": {},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fill": 1,
"fillGradient": 0,
"gridPos": {
"h": 7,
"w": 6,
"x": 0,
"y": 5
},
"hiddenSeries": false,
"id": 111,
"legend": {
"avg": false,
"current": true,
"max": false,
"min": false,
"show": true,
"total": false,
"values": true
},
"lines": true,
"linewidth": 1,
"links": [],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"options": {
"alertThreshold": true
},
"percentage": false,
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_server_requests_seconds_count{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}[1m]))",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "HTTP",
"refId": "A"
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "Rate",
"tooltip": {
"shared": true,
"sort": 0,
"value_type": "individual"
},
"type": "graph",
"xaxis": {
"buckets": null,
"mode": "time",
"name": null,
"show": true,
"values": []
},
"yaxes": [
{
"decimals": null,
"format": "ops",
"label": null,
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": "0",
"show": true
},
{
"format": "short",
"label": null,
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": null,
"show": true
}
],
"yaxis": {
"align": false,
"alignLevel": null
}
},
{
"aliasColors": {
"HTTP": "#890f02",
"HTTP - 5xx": "#bf1b00"
},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fill": 1,
"fillGradient": 0,
"gridPos": {
"h": 7,
"w": 6,
"x": 6,
"y": 5
},
"hiddenSeries": false,
"id": 112,
"legend": {
"avg": false,
"current": true,
"max": false,
"min": false,
"show": true,
"total": false,
"values": true
},
"lines": true,
"linewidth": 1,
"links": [],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"options": {
"alertThreshold": true
},
"percentage": false,
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_server_requests_seconds_count{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", status=~\"5..\"}[1m]))",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "HTTP - 5xx",
"refId": "A"
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "Errors",
"tooltip": {
"shared": true,
"sort": 0,
"value_type": "individual"
},
"type": "graph",
"xaxis": {
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"mode": "time",
"name": null,
"show": true,
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},
"yaxes": [
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"show": true
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{
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],
"yaxis": {
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"alignLevel": null
}
},
{
"aliasColors": {},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"fill": 1,
"fillGradient": 0,
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"x": 12,
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"id": 113,
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"lines": true,
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"nullPointMode": "null",
"options": {
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"percentage": false,
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(rate(http_server_requests_seconds_sum{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", status!~\"5..\"}[1m]))/sum(rate(http_server_requests_seconds_count{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", status!~\"5..\"}[1m]))",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "HTTP - AVG",
"refId": "A"
},
{
"expr": "max(http_server_requests_seconds_max{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", status!~\"5..\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 1,
"legendFormat": "HTTP - MAX",
"refId": "B"
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "Duration",
"tooltip": {
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"sort": 0,
"value_type": "individual"
},
"type": "graph",
"xaxis": {
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"mode": "time",
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},
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"min": null,
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],
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"alignLevel": null
}
},
{
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"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
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"fill": 1,
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"gridPos": {
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"w": 6,
"x": 18,
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"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"expr": "tomcat_threads_busy_threads{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "TOMCAT - BSY",
"refId": "A"
},
{
"expr": "tomcat_threads_current_threads{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "TOMCAT - CUR",
"refId": "B"
},
{
"expr": "tomcat_threads_config_max_threads{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "TOMCAT - MAX",
"refId": "C"
},
{
"expr": "jetty_threads_busy{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "JETTY - BSY",
"refId": "D"
},
{
"expr": "jetty_threads_current{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "JETTY - CUR",
"refId": "E"
},
{
"expr": "jetty_threads_config_max{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\"}",
"format": "time_series",
"hide": false,
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "JETTY - MAX",
"refId": "F"
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "Utilisation",
"tooltip": {
"shared": true,
"sort": 0,
"value_type": "individual"
},
"type": "graph",
"xaxis": {
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"mode": "time",
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"show": true,
"values": []
},
"yaxes": [
{
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"label": null,
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": "0",
"show": true
},
{
"format": "short",
"label": null,
"logBase": 1,
"max": null,
"min": null,
"show": true
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],
"yaxis": {
"align": false,
"alignLevel": null
}
},
{
"collapsed": false,
"datasource": null,
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 12
},
"id": 127,
"panels": [],
"repeat": null,
"title": "JVM Memory",
"type": "row"
},
{
"aliasColors": {},
"bars": false,
"dashLength": 10,
"dashes": false,
"datasource": "Prometheus",
"editable": true,
"error": false,
"fill": 1,
"fillGradient": 0,
"grid": {
"leftLogBase": 1,
"leftMax": null,
"leftMin": null,
"rightLogBase": 1,
"rightMax": null,
"rightMin": null
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 7,
"w": 6,
"x": 0,
"y": 13
},
"hiddenSeries": false,
"id": 24,
"legend": {
"avg": false,
"current": true,
"max": true,
"min": false,
"show": true,
"total": false,
"values": true
},
"lines": true,
"linewidth": 1,
"links": [],
"nullPointMode": "null",
"options": {
"alertThreshold": true
},
"percentage": false,
"pluginVersion": "8.0.3",
"pointradius": 5,
"points": false,
"renderer": "flot",
"seriesOverrides": [],
"spaceLength": 10,
"stack": false,
"steppedLine": false,
"targets": [
{
"expr": "sum(jvm_memory_used_bytes{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", area=\"heap\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "used",
"metric": "",
"refId": "A",
"step": 2400
},
{
"expr": "sum(jvm_memory_committed_bytes{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", area=\"heap\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "committed",
"refId": "B",
"step": 2400
},
{
"expr": "sum(jvm_memory_max_bytes{application=\"$application\", instance=\"$instance\", area=\"heap\"})",
"format": "time_series",
"intervalFactor": 2,
"legendFormat": "max",
"refId": "C",
"step": 2400
}
],
"thresholds": [],
"timeFrom": null,
"timeRegions": [],
"timeShift": null,
"title": "JVM Heap",
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Nacos Sentinel Seata 可以使用项目原有的基础设施。
开始压测
- 针对主要接口的请求放入Jmeter脚本中
- 系统大多数接口都是基于登录用户，用户Token问题可以在后台生成所有用户的Token，放入一个文件中，在Jmeter中读取文件，设置一个循环器，循环取出文件中的Token，在请求中设置请求头，存放Token，这样可以遍历用户请求接口。
- 建议使用非界面的形式运行Jmeter
- 如需更大的并发量，可以使用分布式方式部署Jmeter
- 一般会先按照单并发的形式压测系统，再逐渐调整并发度对接口测试。
报告分析
- 聚合报告中的最大响应时间和平均响应时间需要重点关注，一般接口有并发问题，随着并发度的逐渐上升，最大响应时间就会高的离谱，千万不要感到惊讶，出现并发问题后，请求响应可以无限增长。
- 除了聚合报告还要关注服务器的负载和网络带宽，另外注意中间件和应用服务器的负载是否均衡，比如应用服务器cpu负载100%，Mysql服务器的CPU负载根本没有波动，那么就可以证明应用功能逻辑出现问题，或者就是使用了缓存。
- 对于接口响应超过1秒的请求就属于并发问题了，要不就是应用出现不明报错，这时候就可以判定功能有性能问题。
- 性能良好的接口，随着并发量的上升不CPU负载和其他中间件的负载会比较平衡，比如应用服务器 CPU 100%，中间件的负载也会很高，这就是属于压力传递的情况，可以认为是正常现象。
总结
压测建议:
- 不要过度优化和过早优化，业务功能的实现才是工作的重点。
- 甄别接口的请求频繁度，进行优化时，可以将接口使用的频繁程度作为是否优化的必要因素，避免出现没啥请求的接口也进行了优化，优化毕竟也需要成本，另外也会增加接口的复杂度，索引优化也不是做的越多越好。
- 优化前后必须有性能测试的数据支撑，避免出现优化不起作用的问题，所有改动必须经过测试才能上线，像优化这类改动，必须经过性能测试环节才能上线。
压测工作其实也没那么难以理解，做过几遍后觉得压测是真是一件有意思的事情，压测结果的分析可以发现一些编码是发现不到的问题，每次压测都会有不一样的体验，喜欢压测工作的小伙伴可以留言谈论。
java
mysql
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