mit6.5840（原6.824）- lab3：raft

raft概述

Raft 通过选举出一个领导人，然后给予他全部的管理复制日志的责任来实现一致性。领导人从客户端接收日志条目（log entries），把日志条目复制到其他服务器上，并告诉其他的服务器什么时候可以安全地将日志条目应用到他们的状态机中。

raft存在的三种状态：

Follower - 每个节点的初始状态
Candidate - 当Follower的ElectionTime到期时，成为Candidate开始选举
Leader - 成为Candidate后获取到大多数节点的投票，成为Leader，向其余节点发送心跳包

需要完成的方法：

选举相关
- RequestVote
- startElection
日志相关
- sendHeartbeats
- AppendEntries
- applyLogs
持久化相关
- persist
- readPersist
快照相关
- Snapshot
- InstallSnapshot

初始化

func Make(peers []*labrpc.ClientEnd, me int, persister *Persister, applyCh chan ApplyMsg) *Raft {
    rf := &Raft{}
    rf.peers = peers
    rf.persister = persister
    rf.me = me

    // Your initialization code here (3A, 3B, 3C).
    rf.dead = 0
    rf.state = FOLLOWER
    rf.currentTerm = 0
    rf.votedFor = -1

    rf.log = make([]Entry, 1)
    rf.commitIndex = 0
    rf.lastApplied = 0

    rf.lastIncludeTerm = 0
    rf.snapshot = make([]byte, 0)
    rf.nextIndex = make([]int, len(peers))
    for i := 0; i < len(peers); i++ {
        rf.nextIndex[i] = 1
    }
    rf.matchIndex = make([]int, len(peers))

    rf.applyCh = applyCh
    rf.applyCond = sync.NewCond(&rf.mu)
    // initialize from state persisted before a crash
    rf.readPersist(persister.ReadRaftState())
    rf.snapshot=rf.persister.ReadSnapshot()
    
    // start ticker goroutine to start elections
    rf.lastApplied=rf.lastIncludeIndex

    go rf.ticker()
    go rf.applyLogs()
    return rf
}

func (rf *Raft) ticker() {
    for !rf.killed() {
        now := time.Now()
        if rf.state == LEADER {
            if now.After(rf.heartbeatTimer) {
                rf.sendHeartbeats()
                rf.resetHeartbeatTimer()
            }
        } else {
            if now.After(rf.electionTimer) {
                rf.startElection()
                rf.resetElectionTimer()
            }
        }
        time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
    }
    
}

选举

startElection

func (rf *Raft) startElection() {
    rf.mu.Lock()
    //更新状态
    rf.state = CANDIDATE
    rf.currentTerm++
    rf.votedFor = rf.me
    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
    currentTerm := rf.currentTerm
    lastLogIndex := 0
    lastLogTerm := 0
    //3D之前忽略rf.lastIncludeIndex
    lastLogIndex = len(rf.log) + rf.lastIncludeIndex - 1
    lastLogTerm = rf.log[len(rf.log)-1].Term
    
    votes := int32(1)
    rf.mu.Unlock()
    rf.resetElectionTimer()
    for i := range rf.peers {
        if i == rf.me {
            continue
        }
        go func(i int) {
            args := &RequestVoteArgs{
                Term:         currentTerm,
                CandidateID:  rf.me,
                LastLogIndex: lastLogIndex,
                LastLogItem:  lastLogTerm,
            }

            reply := &RequestVoteReply{}
            if rf.state != CANDIDATE {
                return
            }
            ok := rf.sendRequestVote(i, args, reply)

            if ok {
                rf.mu.Lock()
                if reply.VoteGranted {
                    votes++
                    if votes > int32(len(rf.peers)/2) {
                        if rf.state == CANDIDATE && rf.currentTerm == currentTerm {
                            rf.state = LEADER
                            for i := 0; i < len(rf.peers); i++ {
                                rf.nextIndex[i] = len(rf.log) + rf.lastIncludeIndex
                                rf.matchIndex[i] = rf.lastIncludeIndex
                    
                            }
                            rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
                            rf.sendHeartbeats()
                        }
                    }
                } else if reply.Term > currentTerm {
                    rf.currentTerm = reply.Term
                    rf.state = FOLLOWER
                    rf.votedFor = -1
                    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
                }
                rf.mu.Unlock()
            }
        }(i)

    }
}

开始选举后，更新自身的状态和任期，并投票给自己
发送RPC投票请求给其他节点，累计投票大于len(rf.peers)/2时，成为Leader，更新自身的nextIndex[]和matchIndex[]
成为Leader后开始发送心跳包
若reply返回比自己更高的任期，成为Follower，更新任期

在等待投票的时候，候选人可能会从其他的服务器接收到声明它是领导人的附加条目（AppendEntries）RPC。如果这个领导人的任期号（包含在此次的 RPC中）不小于候选人当前的任期号，那么候选人会承认领导人合法并回到跟随者状态。（所以成为Leader前会判断是否还是Candidate以及任期是否已经发生变化）如果此次 RPC 中的任期号比自己小，那么候选人就会拒绝这次的 RPC 并且继续保持候选人状态。

RequestVote

func (rf *Raft) RequestVote(args *RequestVoteArgs, reply *RequestVoteReply) {
    if rf.killed() {
        reply.Term = -1
        reply.VoteGranted = false
        return
    }
    defer rf.mu.Unlock()
    
    //自身日期更大
    if args.Term < rf.currentTerm {
        reply.VoteGranted = false
        reply.Term = rf.currentTerm
        return
    }
    //candidate的任期更大
    if args.Term > rf.currentTerm {
        // 更新自身的状态
        rf.state = FOLLOWER
        rf.currentTerm = args.Term
        rf.votedFor = -1
        rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
    }
    
    maxLocalLogIndex := rf.lastIncludeIndex + len(rf.log) - 1
    voteForCandidate := (rf.votedFor == -1 || rf.votedFor == args.CandidateID)
    logUpToDate := (args.LastLogItem > rf.log[len(rf.log)-1].Term) ||
        ((args.LastLogItem == rf.log[len(rf.log)-1].Term &&
            args.LastLogIndex >= maxLocalLogIndex))

    if voteForCandidate && logUpToDate {
        rf.votedFor = args.CandidateID
        reply.VoteGranted = true
        rf.state = FOLLOWER
        rf.resetElectionTimer()
        rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
    } else {
        reply.VoteGranted = false
    }
    reply.Term = rf.currentTerm
}

参数
Raft 通过随机选举定时器来阻止选举分裂的发生，即使选举分裂发生也可以很快的被解决。选举超时将在 [150,300]ms 之间随机生成，这样就大概率保证集群中会有一个机器会先超时，而避免所有机器同时超时从而降低选举分裂情况发生的概率。
Student‘s Guide： if you have already voted in the current term, and an incoming RequestVote RPC has a higher term that you, you should _first_ step down and adopt their term (thereby resetting votedFor), and _then_ handle the RPC, which will result in you granting the vote。即在收到任期更大的RPC请求应该更新自己的votedFor为-1
投票规则：
1. 若candidate的最新日志的term大于节点最新日志的任期
2. 或者两个任期相等但是candidate的最新日志的index大于节点
3. 在上面的基础上，节点还未投票或者已经投票给该candidate（由于网络原因，在同一任期又给该节点发送了投票请求）

日志相关

sendHeartbeats

func (rf *Raft) sendHeartbeats() {

    if rf.state != LEADER {
        return
    }


    for i := 0; i < len(rf.peers); i++ {
        if i == rf.me {
            continue
        }

        go func(server int) {
            
            args := &AppendEntryArgs{
                Term:         rf.currentTerm,
                LeaderId:     rf.me,
                PreLogIndex:  0,
                PreLogItem:   0,
                Entries:      nil,
                LeaderCommit: rf.commitIndex,
            }

            args.PreLogIndex = rf.nextIndex[server] - 1
            nextIndex := rf.nextIndex[server]
            //3D
            if args.PreLogIndex < rf.lastIncludeIndex {
                
                arg := &InstallSnapshotArgs{
                    LeaderId:         rf.me,
                    Term:             rf.currentTerm,
                    LastIncludeIndex: rf.lastIncludeIndex,
                    LastIncludeTerm:  rf.lastIncludeTerm,
                    Data:             rf.snapshot,
                }
                reply := &InstallSnapshotReply{}
            
                if ok := rf.sendInstallSnapshot(server, arg, reply); !ok {
                    
                    return
                }
                
                if reply.Term > rf.currentTerm {
                    rf.currentTerm = reply.Term
                    rf.state = FOLLOWER
                    rf.votedFor = -1
                    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
                    return
                }

                //调整该Server的matchIndex 与 nextIndex
                rf.mu.Lock()
                rf.nextIndex[server] = arg.LastIncludeIndex+1
                rf.matchIndex[server] = arg.LastIncludeIndex
                rf.mu.Unlock()
                
            } else {
                if nextIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex<len(rf.log){
                    args.Entries = rf.log[nextIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex:]
                }
                args.PreLogItem = rf.log[args.PreLogIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex].Term
                reply := &AppendEntryReply{}

                if rf.state != LEADER {
                    return
                }
                
                ok := rf.sendAppendEntry(server, args, reply)
                if !ok {
                    return
                }
                
                // 如果term变了，表示该结点不再是leader，什么也不做
                if rf.currentTerm != args.Term {
                    rf.state = FOLLOWER
                
                    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
                    return
                }

                //发现更大的term，本结点是旧leader
                if reply.Term > rf.currentTerm {
                    rf.currentTerm = reply.Term
                    rf.state = FOLLOWER
                    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()

                    return
                }

                if reply.Success {
                    rf.mu.Lock()
                    
                    rf.matchIndex[server] = args.PreLogIndex + len(args.Entries)
                    rf.nextIndex[server] = rf.matchIndex[server] + 1
                    
                    
                    // 提交到哪个位置需要根据中位数来判断，中位数表示过半提交的日志位置，
                    matchIndexSlice := make([]int, len(rf.peers))
                    copy(matchIndexSlice, rf.matchIndex)
                    rf.mu.Unlock()
                    
                    sort.Slice(matchIndexSlice, func(i, j int) bool {
                        return matchIndexSlice[i] < matchIndexSlice[j]
                    })
                    
                    newCommitIndex := matchIndexSlice[(len(rf.peers)-1)/2]
                    
                    //不能提交不属于当前term的日志
                    if newCommitIndex > rf.commitIndex && rf.log[newCommitIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex].Term == rf.currentTerm {

                        rf.commitIndex = newCommitIndex
            
                        rf.applyCond.Signal()
                    }

                } else {
                    if reply.ConflictTerm == -1 {
                        rf.nextIndex[server] = reply.ConflictIndex
                        
                    } else {
                        conflictIndex := -1
                        for i := args.PreLogIndex - rf.lastIncludeIndex; i > 0; i-- {
                            if rf.log[i].Term == reply.ConflictTerm {
                                conflictIndex = i
                                break
                            }
                        }
                        rf.mu.Lock()
                        if conflictIndex != -1 {
                            rf.nextIndex[server] = conflictIndex + 1
                        } else {
                            rf.nextIndex[server] = reply.ConflictIndex
                        }
                        rf.mu.Unlock()
                    }

                }

            }

        }(i)
    }

}

易错：在返回Success后更新matchIndex[]，再由matchIndex[]更新nextIndex[]，否则测试时可能会报错
```
rf.matchIndex[server] = args.PreLogIndex + len(args.Entries)
rf.nextIndex[server] = rf.matchIndex[server] + 1
```
A good example of this is setting matchIndex = nextIndex - 1, or matchIndex = len(log) when you receive a response to an RPC. This is _not_ safe, because both of those values could have been updated since when you sent the RPC. Instead, the correct thing to do is update matchIndex to be prevLogIndex + len(entries[]) from the arguments you sent in the RPC originally.

AppendEntries

func (rf *Raft) AppendEntries(args *AppendEntryArgs, reply *AppendEntryReply) {

    if rf.killed() {
        reply.Term = -1
        reply.Success = false
        return
    }

    rf.mu.Lock()
    defer rf.mu.Unlock()

    if args.Term < rf.currentTerm || rf.lastIncludeIndex>args.PreLogIndex{
        reply.Term = rf.currentTerm
        reply.Success = false
        return
    }
    //this node's term is less than leader's node

    //reset this node's term
    if args.Term > rf.currentTerm {
        rf.currentTerm = args.Term
        rf.votedFor = -1
        rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
    }

    rf.state = FOLLOWER
    rf.resetElectionTimer()
    maxLocalLogIndex := rf.lastIncludeIndex + len(rf.log) - 1
    //节点日志小于Leader
    if maxLocalLogIndex < args.PreLogIndex {

        reply.ConflictIndex = maxLocalLogIndex + 1

        reply.ConflictTerm = -1

        reply.Success = false

        return

    }

  
    if rf.lastIncludeIndex < args.PreLogIndex {
        //存在索引但任期不等
        if rf.log[args.PreLogIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex].Term != args.PreLogItem {

            reply.Term, reply.Success = rf.currentTerm, false

            reply.ConflictTerm = rf.log[args.PreLogIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex].Term

            for i := 0; i <= len(rf.log)-1; i++ {

                if rf.log[i].Term == reply.ConflictTerm {

                    reply.ConflictIndex = i

                    break

                }

            }

            reply.Success = false

            return

        }

    }

    if rf.lastApplied > args.PreLogIndex {

        reply.Term = rf.currentTerm

        reply.Success = false

        reply.ConflictIndex = rf.lastApplied + 1

        return

    }

    rf.log = append(rf.log[:args.PreLogIndex-rf.lastIncludeIndex+1], args.Entries...)

    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()
    //判断是否更新commitIndex
    if args.LeaderCommit > rf.commitIndex {

        rf.commitIndex = min(args.LeaderCommit, maxLocalLogIndex)

        rf.applyCond.Signal()

    }

    reply.Term = rf.currentTerm

    reply.Success = true

}

rf.commitIndex = min(args.LeaderCommit, maxLocalLogIndex)，是取两者更小值
在Student's Guide中提到如果追随者prevLogIndex的日志中有，但是术语不匹配，它应该返回conflictTerm = log[prevLogIndex].Term，然后在其日志中搜索第一个条目的术语等于的索引conflictTerm。

applyLogs

func (rf *Raft) applyLogs() {

    for !rf.killed() {
        rf.mu.Lock()

        for rf.lastApplied >= rf.commitIndex {
            rf.applyCond.Wait()
        }

        // 将需要应用的日志条目复制到一个临时切片中，减少锁的持有时间
        var msgsToApply []ApplyMsg

        for i := rf.lastApplied + 1; i <= rf.commitIndex; i++ {

            if i < rf.lastIncludeIndex{
                rf.lastApplied = rf.lastIncludeIndex
                continue
            }
            
            applyMsg := ApplyMsg{

                CommandValid: true,
                Command:      rf.log[i-rf.lastIncludeIndex].Command,
                CommandIndex: i,

            }

            msgsToApply = append(msgsToApply, applyMsg)

            rf.lastApplied += 1

        }

        rf.mu.Unlock()

        // 现在在锁外发送applyMsg
        for _, msg := range msgsToApply {
            rf.applyCh <- msg
        }

    }

}

在前面的测试中可以在持有锁时apply日志，但在3D中应在锁外发送applyMsg，否则测试时会死锁，测试会报错

持久化相关

persist

这是3D的实现，前面的实验中不需要持久化后两个，在最后的rf.persister.Save(state, rf.snapshot)中把snapshot换成nil就可以

func (rf *Raft) persistStateAndSnapshot() {

    w := new(bytes.Buffer)

    e := labgob.NewEncoder(w)

    e.Encode(rf.currentTerm)

    e.Encode(rf.votedFor)

    e.Encode(rf.log)

    e.Encode(rf.lastIncludeIndex)

    e.Encode(rf.lastIncludeTerm)

    state := w.Bytes()

    rf.persister.Save(state, rf.snapshot)

}

readPersist

func (rf *Raft) readPersist(data []byte) {

    if data == nil || len(data) < 1 { // bootstrap without any state?

        return

    }

    // Your code here (3C).

    // Example:

    r := bytes.NewBuffer(data)

    d := labgob.NewDecoder(r)

    var currentTerm int

    var votedFor int

    var log []Entry

    var lastIncludedIndex int

    var lastIncludedTerm int

    var lastApplies int

    if d.Decode(&currentTerm) != nil || d.Decode(&votedFor) != nil || d.Decode(&log) != nil || d.Decode(&lastIncludedIndex) != nil || d.Decode(&lastIncludedTerm) != nil ||d.Decode(&lastApplies) != nil{
        // fmt.Println("decode error")
    } else {

        rf.currentTerm = currentTerm

        rf.votedFor = votedFor

        rf.log = log

        rf.lastIncludeIndex = lastIncludedIndex

        rf.lastIncludeTerm = lastIncludedTerm

        rf.lastApplied =lastApplies

    }

}

我在readPersist中没实现快照的读取，所以在Make中读取快照

快照相关

快照是最简单的压缩方法。快照方法下，当前整个系统状态将会写到存储在稳定存储介质的一个快照。这样这个点之前的日志就可以删除。

Snapshot

func (rf *Raft) Snapshot(index int, snapshot []byte) {

    // Your code here (3D).

    if rf.killed() {

        return

    }

    rf.mu.Lock()

    if rf.lastIncludeIndex >= index || index > rf.commitIndex {

        rf.mu.Unlock()

        return

    }
    rf.log = rf.log[index-rf.lastIncludeIndex:]

    rf.lastIncludeIndex = index

    rf.lastIncludeTerm = rf.log[0].Term

    rf.snapshot = snapshot

    rf.mu.Unlock()

    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()

}

正常情况下机器都是单独的进行快照，但是在leader 已经删除了下条需要发送给参与者的日志记录时，也会发送快照到那些落后的机器上。leader 将会使用一种叫做 InstallSnapshot 新的RPC 来拷贝快照到那些远远落后的机器。通常快照会包含接受这日志中没有的新信息。这种情况下，参与者删除整个日志并被快照取代，如果参与者重复接受到一个快照，那么快照之前的日志记录可以删除，但是快照之后的日志记录是合法的并需要被保留

InstallSnapShot

func (rf *Raft) InstallSnapShot(args *InstallSnapshotArgs, reply *InstallSnapshotReply) {

    rf.mu.Lock()
    
    if rf.currentTerm > args.Term {

        reply.Term = rf.currentTerm

        rf.mu.Unlock()

        return

    }

  
    if args.Term > rf.currentTerm {

        rf.currentTerm, rf.votedFor = args.Term, -1
        rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()

    }

    reply.Term = args.Term

    rf.state = FOLLOWER

    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()

    rf.resetHeartbeatTimer()

    if rf.lastIncludeIndex >= args.LastIncludeIndex || args.LastIncludeIndex <= rf.commitIndex{

        rf.mu.Unlock()
        
        return

    }

    maxLocalLogIndex := rf.lastIncludeIndex + len(rf.log) - 1

    if maxLocalLogIndex <= args.LastIncludeIndex {

        rf.log = []Entry{

            {Index: args.LastIncludeIndex, Term: args.LastIncludeTerm},

        }

    }

    rf.lastIncludeIndex = args.LastIncludeIndex

    rf.lastIncludeTerm = args.LastIncludeTerm

    index := args.LastIncludeIndex

    rf.commitIndex = index

    rf.lastApplied = index

    rf.snapshot = args.Data

    rf.persistStateAndSnapshot()

    rf.mu.Unlock()

    applyMsg:=ApplyMsg{

        SnapshotValid: true,

        Snapshot:      args.Data,

        SnapshotTerm:  args.LastIncludeTerm,

        SnapshotIndex: args.LastIncludeIndex,

    }

    rf.applyCh<-applyMsg

}

遇见的问题

matchIndex、nextIndex的更新，在上文中已经提到了（成为Leader时，和Leader收到AppendEntries的reply时）
死锁问题：在未使用defer rf.mu.Unlock的地方，记得在所以退出的地方前都释放锁
3D中出现了出界问题，根据报错改就可以了
不要忘了读取快照，否则3D测试会报错
在每个需持久化的数据更新时，一定要使用persist，不要遗漏
重置选举时间的时机，不要在其他地方重置选举计时器
1. 从leader 处收到一个AppendEntries RPC（或InstallSnapshot），且 leader 的任期必须大于等于节点的任期。
2. 给一个节点投票。
3. 当前节点选举超时。

mit6.5840（原6.824）- lab3：raft

raft概述

初始化

选举

startElection

RequestVote

日志相关

sendHeartbeats

AppendEntries

applyLogs

持久化相关

persist

readPersist

快照相关

Snapshot

InstallSnapShot

遇见的问题

桃瑾

引用和评论

redis -- 持续更新

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mit6.5840（原6.824）- lab3：raft

raft概述

初始化

选举

startElection

RequestVote

日志相关

sendHeartbeats

AppendEntries

applyLogs

持久化相关

persist

readPersist

快照相关

Snapshot

InstallSnapShot

遇见的问题

桃瑾

引用和评论

redis -- 持续更新

Go 语言-计算密集型服务 性能优化

IO 密集型服务 耗时优化

Go 语言 JSON 与 Cache 库 调研与选型

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