头图

NodeJS项目架构设计,看这一篇就足够了!

前言

大家好,我是倔强青铜三。我是一名热情的软件工程师,我热衷于分享和传播IT技术,致力于通过我的知识和技能推动技术交流与创新,欢迎关注我,微信公众号:倔强青铜三


1. 🧩 整洁架构简介

Clean Architecture(整洁架构)由Robert C. Martin(Uncle Bob)提出,它强调应用程序内部关注点的分离。该架构提倡业务逻辑应与任何框架、数据库或外部系统无关,从而使应用程序更加模块化、易于测试且能够适应变化。

整洁架构的关键原则:
  • 独立性:核心业务逻辑不应依赖于外部库、UI、数据库或框架。
  • 可测试性:应用程序应易于测试,且不依赖于外部系统。
  • 灵活性:应易于更改或替换应用程序的部分,而不影响其他部分。

2. 💡 为什么选择Node.js、Express和TypeScript?

Node.js

Node.js是一个强大的JavaScript运行时,允许你构建可扩展的网络应用程序。它是非阻塞和事件驱动的,非常适合构建需要处理大量请求的API。

Express

Express是Node.js的一个极简主义Web框架。它提供了一套强大的功能来构建Web和移动应用程序及API。其简洁性使得入门容易,且高度可扩展。

TypeScript

TypeScript是JavaScript的一个超集,添加了静态类型。在Node.js应用中使用TypeScript可以在开发早期捕获错误,提高代码可读性,并增强整体开发体验。

3. 🚧 设置项目

首先,创建一个新的Node.js项目并设置TypeScript:

mkdir clean-architecture-api
cd clean-architecture-api
npm init -y
npm install express
npm install typescript @types/node @types/express ts-node-dev --save-dev
npx tsc --init

接下来,配置你的tsconfig.json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2020",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
    "outDir": "./dist"
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*.ts"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules"]
}

4. 🏗️ 使用Clean Architecture构建项目结构

典型的Clean Architecture项目分为以下几层:

  1. Domain Layer:包含业务逻辑、实体和接口。这一层独立于其他层。
  2. Use Cases Layer:包含应用程序的用例或业务规则。
  3. Infrastructure Layer:包含在Domain Layer中定义的接口的实现,如数据库连接。
  4. Interface Layer:包含控制器、路由和任何其他与Web框架相关的代码。

项目目录结构可能如下所示:

src/
├── domain/
│   ├── entities/
│   └── interfaces/
├── use-cases/
├── infrastructure/
│   ├── database/
│   └── repositories/
└── interface/
    ├── controllers/
    └── routes/

5. 📂 实现Domain Layer

在Domain Layer中定义你的实体和接口。假设我们正在构建一个管理书籍的简单API。

实体(Book)

// src/domain/entities/Book.ts
export class Book {
  constructor(
    public readonly id: string,
    public title: string,
    public author: string,
    public publishedDate: Date
  ) {}
}

仓库接口

// src/domain/interfaces/BookRepository.ts
import { Book } from "../entities/Book";

export interface BookRepository {
  findAll(): Promise<Book[]>;
  findById(id: string): Promise<Book | null>;
  create(book: Book): Promise<Book>;
  update(book: Book): Promise<void>;
  delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
}

6. 🔧 实现Use Cases

Use Cases定义了系统中可以执行的操作。它们与Domain Layer交互,并且与框架或数据库无关。

Use Case(GetAllBooks)

// src/use-cases/GetAllBooks.ts
import { BookRepository } from "../domain/interfaces/BookRepository";

export class GetAllBooks {
  constructor(private bookRepository: BookRepository) {}

  async execute() {
    return await this.bookRepository.findAll();
  }
}

7. 🗂️ 实现Infrastructure Layer

在Infrastructure Layer中实现Domain Layer中定义的接口。这是与数据库或外部服务交互的地方。

内存仓库(为了简化)

// src/infrastructure/repositories/InMemoryBookRepository.ts
import { Book } from "../../domain/entities/Book";
import { BookRepository } from "../../domain/interfaces/BookRepository";

export class InMemoryBookRepository implements BookRepository {
  private books: Book[] = [];

  async findAll(): Promise<Book[]> {
    return this.books;
  }

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Book | null> {
    return this.books.find(book => book.id === id) || null;
  }

  async create(book: Book): Promise<Book> {
    this.books.push(book);
    return book;
  }

  async update(book: Book): Promise<void> {
    const index = this.books.findIndex(b => b.id === book.id);
    if (index !== -1) {
      this.books[index] = book;
    }
  }

  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
    this.books = this.books.filter(book => book.id !== id);
  }
}

8. 🌐 实现Interface Layer

Interface Layer包含处理HTTP请求并将它们映射到Use Cases的控制器和路由。

Book Controller

// src/interface/controllers/BookController.ts
import { Request, Response } from "express";
import { GetAllBooks } from "../../use-cases/GetAllBooks";

export class BookController {
  constructor(private getAllBooks: GetAllBooks) {}

  async getAll(req: Request, res: Response) {
    const books = await this.getAllBooks.execute();
    res.json(books);
  }
}

路由

// src/interface/routes/bookRoutes.ts
import { Router } from "express";
import { InMemoryBookRepository } from "../../infrastructure/repositories/InMemoryBookRepository";
import { GetAllBooks } from "../../use-cases/GetAllBooks";
import { BookController } from "../controllers/BookController";

const router = Router();

const bookRepository = new InMemoryBookRepository();
const getAllBooks = new GetAllBooks(bookRepository);
const bookController = new BookController(getAllBooks);

router.get("/books", (req, res) => bookController.getAll(req, res));

export { router as bookRoutes };

主应用程序

// src/index.ts
import express from "express";
import { bookRoutes } from "./interface/routes/bookRoutes";

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());
app.use("/api", bookRoutes);

const PORT = 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
});

9. 🔌 依赖注入

依赖注入(DI)是一种技术,其中对象的依赖项由外部提供,而不是硬编码在对象内部。这促进了松散耦合,并使你的应用程序更易于测试。

示例

// src/infrastructure/DIContainer.ts
import { InMemoryBookRepository } from "./repositories/InMemoryBookRepository";
import { GetAllBooks } from "../use-cases/GetAllBooks";

class DIContainer {
  private static _bookRepository = new InMemoryBookRepository();

  static getBookRepository() {
    return this._bookRepository;
  }

  static getGetAllBooksUseCase() {
    return new GetAllBooks(this.getBookRepository());
  }
}

export { DIContainer };

在控制器中使用DIContainer:

// src/interface/controllers/BookController.ts
import { Request, Response } from "express";
import { DIContainer } from "../../infrastructure/DIContainer";

export class BookController {
  private getAllBooks = DIContainer.getGetAllBooksUseCase();

  async getAll(req: Request, res: Response) {
    const books = await this.getAllBooks.execute();
    res.json(books);
  }
}

10. 🚨 错误处理

适当的错误处理可以确保你的API能够优雅地处理意外情况,并向客户端提供有意义的错误消息。

示例

// src/interface/middleware/errorHandler.ts
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";

export function errorHandler(err: any, req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
  console.error(err.stack);
  res.status(500).json({ message: "Internal Server Error" });
}

在主应用程序中使用错误处理中间件:

// src/index.ts
import express from "express";
import { bookRoutes } from "./interface/routes/bookRoutes";
import { errorHandler } from "./interface/middleware/errorHandler";

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());
app.use("/api", bookRoutes);
app.use(errorHandler);

const PORT = 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
});

11. ✔️ 验证

验证对于确保进入应用程序的数据正确且安全至关重要。

示例

npm install class-validator class-transformer

创建用于书籍创建的DTO:

// src/interface/dto/CreateBookDto.ts
import { IsString, IsDate } from "class-validator";

export class CreateBookDto {
  @IsString()
  title!: string;

  @IsString()
  author!: string;

  @IsDate()
  publishedDate!: Date;
}

在控制器中验证DTO:

// src/interface/controllers/BookController.ts
import { Request, Response } from "express";
import { validate } from "class-validator";
import { CreateBookDto } from "../dto/CreateBookDto";
import { DIContainer } from "../../infrastructure/DIContainer";

export class BookController {
  private getAllBooks = DIContainer.getGetAllBooksUseCase();

  async create(req: Request, res: Response) {
    const dto = Object.assign(new CreateBookDto(), req.body);
    const errors = await validate(dto);

    if (errors.length > 0) {
      return res.status(400).json({ errors });
    }

    // 继续创建逻辑...
  }
}

12. 💾 真实数据库集成

将内存数据库切换到如MongoDB或PostgreSQL等真实数据库,可以使你的应用程序准备好投入生产。

示例

npm install mongoose @types/mongoose

Book创建Mongoose模型:

// src/infrastructure/models/BookModel.ts
import mongoose, { Schema, Document } from "mongoose";

interface IBook extends Document {
  title: string;
  author: string;
  publishedDate: Date;
}

const BookSchema: Schema = new Schema({
  title: { type: String, required: true },
  author: { type: String, required: true },
  publishedDate: { type: Date, required: true },
});

const BookModel = mongoose.model<IBook>("Book", BookSchema);
export { BookModel, IBook };

实现仓库:

// src/infrastructure/repositories/MongoBookRepository.ts
import { Book } from "../../domain/entities/Book";
import { BookRepository } from "../../domain/interfaces/BookRepository";
import { BookModel } from "../models/BookModel";

export class MongoBookRepository implements BookRepository {
  async findAll(): Promise<Book[]> {
    return await BookModel.find();
  }

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Book | null> {
    return await BookModel.findById(id);
  }

  async create(book: Book): Promise<Book> {
    const newBook = new BookModel(book);
    await newBook.save();
    return newBook;
  }

  async update(book: Book): Promise<void> {
    await BookModel.findByIdAndUpdate(book.id, book);
  }
  async delete(id: string): Promise<void> {
    await BookModel.findByIdAndDelete(id);
  }
}

更新DIContainer以使用MongoBookRepository:

// src/infrastructure/DIContainer.ts
import { MongoBookRepository } from "./repositories/MongoBookRepository";
import { GetAllBooks } from "../use-cases/GetAllBooks";

class DIContainer {
  private static _bookRepository = new MongoBookRepository();

  static getBookRepository() {
    return this._bookRepository;
  }

  static getGetAllBooksUseCase() {
    return new GetAllBooks(this.getBookRepository());
  }
}

export { DIContainer };

13. 🔒 身份验证和授权

保护你的API至关重要。JWT(JSON Web Tokens)是一种常用的无状态身份验证方法。

示例

npm install jsonwebtoken @types/jsonwebtoken

创建一个身份验证中间件:

// src/interface/middleware/auth.ts
import jwt from "jsonwebtoken";
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from "express";

export function authenticateToken(req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) {
  const token = req.header("Authorization")?.split(" ")[1];
  if (!token) return res.sendStatus(401);

  jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET as string, (err, user) => {
    if (err) return res.sendStatus(403);
    req.user = user;
    next();
  });
}

在路由中使用此中间件来保护路由:

// src/interface/routes/bookRoutes.ts
import { Router } from "express";
import { BookController } from "../controllers/BookController";
import { authenticateToken } from "../middleware/auth";

const router = Router();

const bookController = new BookController();

router.get("/books", authenticateToken, (req, res) => bookController.getAll(req, res));

export { router as bookRoutes };

14. 📝 日志记录和监控

日志记录在调试和生产环境中监控应用程序时至关重要。

示例

npm install winston

创建一个记录器:

// src/infrastructure/logger.ts
import { createLogger, transports, format } from "winston";

const logger = createLogger({
  level: "info",
  format: format.combine(format.timestamp(), format.json()),
  transports: [new transports.Console()],
});

export { logger };

在应用程序中使用记录器:

// src/index.ts
import express from "express";
import { bookRoutes } from "./interface/routes/bookRoutes";
import { errorHandler } from "./interface/middleware/errorHandler";
import { logger } from "./infrastructure/logger";

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());
app.use("/api", bookRoutes);
app.use(errorHandler);

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  logger.info(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
});

15. ⚙️ 环境配置

管理不同的环境对于确保你的应用程序在开发、测试和生产环境中正确运行至关重要。

示例

npm install dotenv

创建一个.env文件:

PORT=3000
JWT_SECRET=your_jwt_secret

在应用程序中加载环境变量:

// src/index.ts
import express from "express";
import dotenv from "dotenv";

import { bookRoutes } from "./interface/routes/bookRoutes";
import { errorHandler } from "./interface/middleware/errorHandler";
import { logger } from "./infrastructure/logger";

dotenv.config();

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());
app.use("/api", bookRoutes);
app.use(errorHandler);

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  logger.info(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
});

16. 🚀 CI/CD和部署

自动化API的测试、构建和部署可以确保一致性和可靠性。

示例

创建一个.github/workflows/ci.yml文件:

name: Node.js CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:

    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    strategy:
      matrix:
        node-version: [14.x, 16.x]

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-node@v2
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
    - run: npm install
    - run: npm test

17. 🧹 代码质量和Linting

在协作环境中保持一致的代码质量至关重要。

示例

npm install eslint prettier eslint-config-prettier eslint-plugin-prettier --save-dev

创建ESLint配置:

// .eslintrc.json
{
  "env": {
    "node": true,
    "es6": true
  },
  "extends": ["eslint:recommended", "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended", "prettier"],
  "plugins": ["@typescript-eslint", "prettier"],
  "parser": "@typescript-eslint/parser",
  "rules": {
    "prettier/prettier": "error"
  }
}

添加Prettier配置:

// .prettierrc
{
  "singleQuote": true,
  "trailingComma": "all",
  "printWidth": 80
}

18. 🛠️ 项目文档

为你的API编写文档对于开发人员和最终用户都至关重要。

示例

npm install swagger-jsdoc swagger-ui-express

创建Swagger文档:

// src/interface/swagger.ts
import swaggerJSDoc from "swagger-jsdoc";
import swaggerUi from "swagger-ui-express";
import { Express } from "express";

const options = {
  definition: {
    openapi: "3.0.0",
    info: {
      title: "Clean Architecture API",
      version: "1.0.0",
    },
  },
  apis: ["./src/interface/routes/*.ts"],
};

const swaggerSpec = swaggerJSDoc(options);

function setupSwagger(app: Express) {
  app.use("/api-docs", swaggerUi.serve, swaggerUi.setup(swaggerSpec));
}

export { setupSwagger };

在主应用程序中设置Swagger:

// src/index.ts
import express from "express";
import dotenv from "dotenv";

import { bookRoutes } from "./interface/routes/bookRoutes";
import { errorHandler } from "./interface/middleware/errorHandler";
import { logger } from "./infrastructure/logger";
import { setupSwagger } from "./interface/swagger";

dotenv.config();

const app = express();

app.use(express.json());
app.use("/api", bookRoutes);
app.use(errorHandler);
setupSwagger(app);

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
app.listen(PORT, () => {
  logger.info(`Server is running on port ${PORT}`);
});

19. 🏁 结论

在本博客中,我们探讨了如何使用Node.js、Express和TypeScript构建现代API,同时遵循整洁架构原则。我们扩展了初始实现,添加了关键功能,如依赖注入、错误处理、验证、真实数据库集成、身份验证和授权、日志记录和监控、环境配置、CI/CD、代码质量和Linting以及项目文档。

通过遵循这些实践,你将确保你的API不仅功能齐全,而且易于维护、可扩展且准备好投入生产。随着你继续开发,请随时探索其他模式和工具,以进一步增强你的应用程序。


倔强青铜三
21 声望0 粉丝