基于成本的优化器的基础知识--第1部分

基于成本的优化器的基础知识--第1部分

这一系列关于Oracle的基于成本的优化器的文章，针对的是缺乏经验的DBA和开发人员，帮助他们了解优化器想要达到什么目的，它是如何得到一个执行计划，它为什么会犯错误，以及（也许是最重要的）如何识别那些错误的根源，并以适当的方式解决由此所产生的问题。

我会尽量避免陷入极端的技术细节，虽然我将列出较多的技术问题，并会提及一些网址，这些网址就一些特定的主题会进入更深层的讨论。

为了从这个系列得到最佳的收获，你将需要具备一些阅读执行计划的经验，特别是当我们在查看优化的“故障排除”的那一方面。

概述

如果忽略掉那些影响到可读性（代码以及结果的可读性）的点滴细节，一个基本的SQL语句有如下的格式：

select {表达式清单}
from {表清单}
where {谓词清单}
group by {表达式清单}
having {谓词清单}
order by {表达式清单}

优化器的任务是制定出尽可能快的策略，以获取你所需要的原始数据，并把这些数据转化为你想看到的结果集。要做到这一点，它依赖于一种数值模型，该模型含有关于你的数据的信息（对象及其统计信息），机器性能（系统统计信息），以及可用机器资源（数据库/实例的配置）。

该模型允许优化器估计有多少数据需要检查，访问这些数据需要多少工作量，实际需要的数据有多少，对数据集进行匹配比较需要多少工作量，通过比较能够留下来或者被生成的数据有多少，对数据进行排序和/或聚集又需要多少工作量。

优化器碰到的问题是静态模型可能永远不够好——尽管Oracle公司一直不断增强代码来解决任何静态模型的先天不足——而且该模型不允许数据的使用方式的副作用（这副作用实际上可能是一件好事，除非你使用数据的方式是绝对乏味的，可预测的）。这就意味着如下的情形相对并不罕见，当优化器说：“如果我用策略A, 将需要不到1秒，如果我使用策略B, 将需要2分钟”，而你却知道策略A需要10分钟，但如果你强迫Oracle采取策略B, 你可以在5秒内得到结果。 每当这种情形发生，通常有一个能够轻易识别的原因；最常见的原因是，优化器并不真正了解你的数据是什么样子，或者不知道，有一种被涉及的机器因素，使得某些活动能够比优化器预估的更快完成。

例子

我们用一个很简单的查询来非正式描述一下优化器如何“思考”。 假设我有一个已经运行了近3年的订单处理系统，订单的数量差不多每年会提高一倍，目前为每周大约20,000个订单。大多数订单是单一种产品，但少量订单会包括2或3个项目（订单明细, order line），有一小部分有4到10个。因此，平均而言，每个订单会有1.2个订单明细与之关联，每个订单明细包括单一种产品。

下面是一些SQL来描述表和当前的索引：
create table orders (

    order_id        number(10,0) not null,
    customer_id     number(10,0) not null,
    date_ordered    date         not null,
    other_bits      varchar2(250),

-- constraint ord_fk_cus foreign key(customer_id) references customers,

    constraint ord_pk primary key(order_id)

);

create index ord_fk_cus on orders(customer_id) compress;
create index ord_date_ord on orders(date_ordered) compress;

create table order_lines(

    order_id        number(10,0)    not null,
    order_line      number(4,0)     not null,
    product_id      number(10,0)    not null,
    quantity        number(4,0)     not null,
    unit_price      number(6,2)     not null,
    other_bits      varchar2(100),
    constraint orl_pk primary key(order_id, order_line),

-- constraint orl_fk_prd foreign key(product_id) references products,

    constraint orl_fk_ord foreign key(order_id) references orders

);

create index orl_fk_prd on order_lines(product_id) compress;

有几个外键约束在这个简约的结构中被注释掉了——我还没定义一个产品表或客户表，它们自然是order_lines.product_id和orders.customer_id的参照完整性的目标。

所以，这是一个我们可能运行的查询：“找出上一周的某种特定产品的所有销售记录，找出每日订单明细的数量，以及销量和金额”。

select

    trunc(ord.date_ordered),
    count(*),
    sum(orl.quantity),
    sum(orl.quantity * orl.unit_price) total_value

from

    orders          ord,   
    order_lines     orl

where

    ord.date_ordered >= trunc(sysdate) – 7

and ord.date_ordered < trunc(sysdate)
and orl.order_id = ord.order_id
and orl.product_id = 101234
group by

    trunc(ord.date_ordered)

order by

    total_value desc

;

优化器会如何解决这个问题？

根据我们的业务知识可知，在相关的时间段大约会有20,000的订单。然而，将横跨三年的数据平均下来，优化器会产生一个接近12,000的估计值。（练习题1：检查后者是否为一个合理的近似值，然后再想想它是否仍然可能不准确）

我们可能知道产品101234很受欢迎，每天都会出现在30个订单明细上; 或者我们可能知道，这是一个高价物品，每周只有几个订单。如果它很受欢迎，并且在order_lines表上的统计数据包括了PRODUCT_ID的直方图（运气足够好的话），则优化器可能有足够的信息来获得一个很好的估计值，否则它可能只是算出有订单的每个产品的ORDER_LINES的平均数量，并将其用在计算中。假设优化器通过三年数据得到了（基于平均值）产品101234有大约1000个订单明细的估计值。

下一步是什么？据其基本预测，优化器需要来比较12000个订单和1000个订单明细，找到匹配（上周有产品101234的订单），然后做一个小小的聚合操作。顺着优化器基于这些数字的算法，我们可以看出，它会产生一个关于上周含有产品101234的订单的估算值，包含6或7个订单——这是一个很小的结果集，但我们必须获取并去除许多数据才能到它。（练习题2：检查该数据的描述，确认每星期6或7个订单是一个合理的估算计；然后解释一下产生这个估算值的逻辑有什么漏洞，即使所有产品受欢迎的程度都一样）

在“多少数据”这个问题之后，下一个问题就是“它在哪里”。因为了解数据库和订单处理系统的工作原理，我们（人类）可以假设上一周的订单是在过去的几天内入表的，并会被放在表的最后几个数据块——也许优化器在其模型中的数字（最明显的是ord_dt_ord索引上的clustering_factor）会允许它识别出上周的12,000个订单（这个估算并不正确）会被放在表中的仅仅400个数据块中。

相反，我们（人类）知道，产品101234的订单明细会分布在整个3年的交易历史中，并且优化器在其模型中的数字（特别是在orl_fk_prd索引上的clustering_factor）应该告诉它我们感兴趣的每一行数据可能是在表中的不同的块，所以（估计的）1000行会分散在表中的1000块，这对我们和优化器都可以认为是一个征兆，表明我们需要做1000个随机物理读来获取数据。

从人类的角度来说，优化器必须使用该信息来比较三种可能的策略：

1. 独立收集所有“可能相关的”订单(ORDERS)和所有的“可能相关”的订单明细(ORDER_LINES)，然后比较两组数据，以寻找匹配的（基本上有两种机制来做到这一点， 哈希连接hash join和合并连接merge join）
2. 收集上一周所有的订单，并且当我们在获取数据时，依次查找匹配的订单明细数据（有多行），丢弃那些和产品101234无关的数据（由ORDERS驱动的嵌套循环连接nested loop join）
3. 收集所有产品101234的订单明细(ORDER_LINES)，并且正当我们在获取数据时，依次为每个订单明细查找匹配的订单（只有一行），丢弃那些不是上周的数据（由ORDER_LINES驱动的嵌套循环连接nested loop join）

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