简介
Java
异步编程是现代高性能应用开发的核心技术之一,它允许程序在执行耗时操作(如网络请求、文件 IO
)时不必阻塞主线程,从而提高系统吞吐量和响应性。
异步 vs 同步
- 同步:任务按顺序执行,后续任务需等待前任务完成。
public String syncTask() {
// 模拟耗时操作
Thread.sleep(1000);
return "Result";
}
- 异步:任务并行或在后台执行,主线程立即返回。
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncTask() {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "Result";
});
}
Java 原生异步支持
手动创建线程
最基本的异步方式是创建 Thread
或实现 Runnable
。
- 缺点:管理线程池困难,资源浪费,难以复用,缺乏结果处理机制。
public class BasicAsync {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread = new Thread(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task completed");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
thread.start();
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}
使用 ExecutorService
- 优点:提供线程池管理,复用线程,减少创建开销
- 缺点:
Future.get()
是阻塞的,难以链式调用
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ThreadPoolExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task 1 completed");
});
executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(500);
System.out.println("Task 2 completed");
});
executor.shutdown();
}
}
常用方法:
submit(Runnable)
:提交无返回值的任务。submit(Callable)
:提交有返回值的任务,返回Future
。shutdown()
:关闭线程池,不接受新任务。
线程池类型:
Executors.newFixedThreadPool(n)
:固定大小线程池。Executors.newCachedThreadPool()
:动态调整线程数。Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
:单线程执行。
线程池类型对比:
类型 | 特性 | 适用场景 |
---|---|---|
FixedThreadPool | 固定线程数,无界队列 | 负载稳定的长期任务 |
CachedThreadPool | 自动扩容,60秒闲置回收 | 短时突发任务 |
ScheduledThreadPool | 支持定时/周期性任务 | 心跳检测、定时报表 |
WorkStealingPool | 使用 ForkJoinPool ,任务窃取算法 | 计算密集型并行任务 |
Future(Java 5+)
import java.util.concurrent.*;
public class FutureExample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
Future<String> future = executor.submit(() -> {
Thread.sleep(1000);
return "Task completed";
});
// 主线程继续
System.out.println("Doing other work");
// 阻塞获取结果
String result = future.get(); // 等待任务完成
System.out.println(result);
executor.shutdown();
}
}
方法
get()
:阻塞获取结果。isDone()
:检查任务是否完成。cancel(boolean)
:取消任务。
缺点
get()
是阻塞的,不利于非阻塞编程。- 难以组合多个异步任务。
CompletableFuture(Java 8+)
支持链式调用,真正现代化异步编程方式。
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
public class CompletableFutureExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return "Task result";
})
.thenApply(result -> result.toUpperCase()) // 转换结果
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println(result)) // 消费结果
.exceptionally(throwable -> {
System.err.println("Error: " + throwable.getMessage());
return null;
});
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}
虚拟线程(Java 21+,Project Loom)
虚拟线程是 Java 21
引入的轻量级线程,适合高并发 I/O 密集型任务。
public class VirtualThreadExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (var executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
executor.submit(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Task completed in virtual thread");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
}
System.out.println("Main thread continues");
}
}
优势
- 轻量级,创建开销极低(相比传统线程)。
- 适合 I/O 密集型任务(如 HTTP 请求、数据库查询)。
注意
- 不适合
CPU
密集型任务(可能导致线程饥饿)。 Spring Boot 3.2+
支持虚拟线程(需配置)。
阻塞 vs 非阻塞
类型 | 是否阻塞 | 获取结果方式 |
---|---|---|
Future<T> | ✅ 是 | future.get() (阻塞) |
CompletableFuture<T> | ✅(get) ❌(then) | 支持非阻塞链式处理 |
@Async + Future/CompletableFuture | ✅ | get() 或回调 |
WebFlux | ❌ 完全非阻塞 | 响应式 Mono / Flux |
Future<T>
vs CompletableFuture<T>
:核心对比
功能 | Future<T> | CompletableFuture<T> |
---|---|---|
Java 版本 | Java 5+ | Java 8+ |
是否可组合 | ❌ 不支持 | ✅ 支持链式组合、并行执行 |
支持异步回调 | ❌ 无 | ✅ 有 .thenApply() 、.thenAccept() 等 |
支持异常处理 | ❌ 无 | ✅ 有 .exceptionally() 等 |
可取消 | ✅ 支持 cancel() | ✅ 也支持 |
阻塞获取 | ✅ get() 阻塞 | ✅ get() 阻塞(也可非阻塞) |
使用场景 | 简单线程任务 | 多异步任务组合、复杂控制流 |
Spring 异步编程(基于 @Async)
配置类或启动类启用异步支持
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
@Configuration
@EnableAsync
public class AsyncConfig {
}
无返回值用法
// 无返回值的异步方法
@Async
public void sendEmail(String to) {
System.out.println("异步发送邮件给: " + to);
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
System.out.println("邮件发送完成");
}
使用 Future<T>
创建异步方法
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Async
public Future<String> processTask() {
// 模拟耗时操作
return new AsyncResult<>("Task completed");
}
}
调用并获取结果:
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
public void executeTask() throws Exception {
Future<String> future = asyncService.processTask();
String result = future.get(); // 阻塞等待结果
}
使用 CompletableFuture<T>
创建异步方法
@Async
public CompletableFuture<String> asyncMethod() {
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Async Result");
}
调用方式:
CompletableFuture<String> result = asyncService.asyncMethod();
// 非阻塞,可以做其他事
String value = result.get(); // 阻塞获取
线程池配置
使用自定义配置类
@Configuration
public class AsyncConfig {
@Bean("taskExecutor")
public Executor taskExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
executor.setCorePoolSize(5); // 核心线程数
executor.setMaxPoolSize(20); // 最大线程数
executor.setQueueCapacity(100); // 队列容量
executor.setKeepAliveSeconds(30); // 空闲线程存活时间
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("async-task-");
executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
// 指定线程池
@Async("taskExecutor")
public Future<String> customPoolTask() { ... }
使用配置文件
# application.yml
spring:
task:
execution:
pool:
core-size: 5
max-size: 20
queue-capacity: 100
thread-name-prefix: async-
shutdown:
await-termination: true
terminate-on-timeout: true
Spring WebFlux 示例
@Service
public class UserService {
public Mono<String> getUser() {
return Mono.just("用户信息").delayElement(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
}
public Flux<String> getAllUsers() {
return Flux.just("用户1", "用户2", "用户3").delayElements(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
}
}
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/one")
public Mono<String> getUser() {
return userService.getUser();
}
@GetMapping("/all")
public Flux<String> getAllUsers() {
return userService.getAllUsers();
}
}
调用时非阻塞行为体现
Mono<String>
表示未来异步返回一个值;Flux<String>
表示异步返回多个值;- 请求立即返回
Publisher
,只有订阅时才开始执行(懒执行、非阻塞); - 它不占用线程,不会“卡死线程”等待值返回。
SpringBoot 集成示例
- 标记
@Async
注解:
@Async
标记方法为异步执行,Spring
在线程池中运行该方法。
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Async;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@Service
public class AsyncService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<String> doAsyncTask() {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("Task completed");
}
}
- 启用异步
在主类或配置类上添加 @EnableAsync
。
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
- 控制器调用异步方法
@RestController
public class AsyncController {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@GetMapping("/async")
public String triggerAsync() {
asyncService.doAsyncTask().thenAccept(result -> System.out.println(result));
return "Task triggered";
}
}
- 自定义线程池
Spring
默认使用 SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor
,不适合生产环境。推荐配置自定义线程池。
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;
@Configuration
public class AsyncConfig {
@Bean(name = "taskExecutor")
public ThreadPoolTaskExecutor taskExecutor() {
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
executor.setCorePoolSize(2);
executor.setMaxPoolSize(10);
executor.setQueueCapacity(25);
executor.setThreadNamePrefix("AsyncThread-");
executor.initialize();
return executor;
}
}
- 指定线程池:
@Async("taskExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> doAsyncTask() {
// 异步逻辑
}
- 为
@Async
方法定义全局异常处理器
@Component
public class AsyncExceptionHandler implements AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler {
@Override
public void handleUncaughtException(Throwable ex, Method method, Object... params) {
System.err.println("Async error: " + ex.getMessage());
}
}
Spring Boot
测试:
@SpringBootTest
public class AsyncServiceTest {
@Autowired
private AsyncService asyncService;
@Test
void testAsync() throws Exception {
CompletableFuture<String> future = asyncService.doAsyncTask();
assertEquals("Task completed", future.get(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
}
}
并行调用多个服务示例
并行调用 getUser
和 getProfile
,总耗时接近较慢的任务(~1s)。
@Service
public class UserService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> getUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
// 模拟远程调用
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return new User(id, "User" + id);
});
}
@Async
public CompletableFuture<Profile> getProfile(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return new Profile(id, "Profile" + id);
});
}
}
@RestController
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@GetMapping("/user/{id}")
public CompletableFuture<UserProfile> getUserProfile(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id)
.thenCombine(userService.getProfile(id),
(user, profile) -> new UserProfile(user, profile));
}
}
异步批量处理示例
并行处理 10 个任务,显著减少总耗时。
@Service
public class BatchService {
@Async
public CompletableFuture<Void> processItem(int item) {
return CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
System.out.println("Processed item: " + item);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
});
}
}
@RestController
public class BatchController {
@Autowired
private BatchService batchService;
@PostMapping("/batch")
public CompletableFuture<Void> processBatch() {
List<CompletableFuture<Void>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
futures.add(batchService.processItem(i));
}
return CompletableFuture.allOf(futures.toArray(new CompletableFuture[0]));
}
}
响应式 WebFlux 示例
@Service
public class ReactiveService {
public Mono<String> fetchData() {
return Mono.just("Data")
.delayElement(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
}
}
@RestController
public class ReactiveController {
@Autowired
private ReactiveService reactiveService;
@GetMapping("/data")
public Mono<String> getData() {
return reactiveService.fetchData();
}
}
Spring Data JPA 集成示例
JPA
默认阻塞操作,可通过 @Async
包装异步调用。
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserRepository userRepository;
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> findUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> userRepository.findById(id).orElse(null));
}
}
MyBatis Plus 集成示例
MyBatis Plus
默认阻塞,可通过 @Async
或线程池异步化。
@Mapper
public interface UserMapper extends BaseMapper<User> {}
@Service
public class UserService {
@Autowired
private UserMapper userMapper;
@Async
public CompletableFuture<User> getUser(Long id) {
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> userMapper.selectById(id));
}
}
注意事项
@Async
方法必须是public
的。- 不能在同一类内调用
@Async
方法(因Spring AOP
代理机制)。 - 默认线程池由
Spring
提供,可自定义。
CompletableFuture 所有核心 API
supplyAsync()
:异步执行任务,返回值runAsync()
:异步执行任务,无返回值thenApply()
:接收前面任务结果并返回新结果thenAccept()
:接收结果但无返回thenRun()
:不接收结果也不返回,仅执行thenCompose()
:嵌套异步任务thenCombine()
:两个任务都完成后,合并结果allOf()
:等多个任务全部完成anyOf()
:任一任务完成即继续exceptionally()
:捕获异常并处理whenComplete()
:无论成功失败都执行handle()
:可处理正常或异常结果
CompletableFuture<T>
用法详解
创建异步任务
supplyAsync
:基本异步任务执行
CompletableFuture<String> cf = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Result");
runAsync
:异步执行任务,无返回值
CompletableFuture<Void> cf = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.println("Async run"));
任务转换
thenApply(Function)
:转换结果,对结果加工
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "data")
.thenApply(data -> data.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(future.get()); // DATA
thenCompose(Function)
:扁平化链式异步
CompletableFuture<String> composed = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "A")
.thenCompose(a -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> a + "B"));
composed.thenAccept(System.out::println); // 输出 AB
thenCombine(CompletionStage, BiFunction)
:两个任务完成后合并结果
CompletableFuture<String> cf1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");
CompletableFuture<String> cf2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "World");
cf1.thenCombine(cf2, (a, b) -> a + " " + b).thenAccept(System.out::println);
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
CompletableFuture<String> result = f1.thenCombine(f2, (a, b) -> a + b);
System.out.println(result.get()); // AB
消费结果
thenAccept(Consumer)
:消费结果
CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "Result")
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println("Received: " + result));
thenRun(Runnable)
:继续执行下一个任务,无需前面结果
CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "X")
.thenRun(() -> System.out.println("Next step executed"));
异常处理
exceptionally(Function<Throwable, T>)
:异常处理
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("Oops!");
return "ok";
}).exceptionally(ex -> "Fallback: " + ex.getMessage());
System.out.println(future.get());
handle(BiFunction<T, Throwable, R>)
:同时处理正常与异常结果
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
throw new RuntimeException("Error!");
}).handle((result, ex) -> {
if (ex != null) return "Handled: " + ex.getMessage();
return result;
});
System.out.println(future.get());
whenComplete(BiConsumer<T, Throwable>)
:类似 finally
- 在
CompletableFuture
执行完毕后执行一个回调,无论是成功还是异常。 - 不会改变原来的结果或异常,仅用于处理副作用(如日志)。
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Final Result")
.whenComplete((result, ex) -> {
System.out.println("Completed with: " + result);
});
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
return "成功";
}).whenComplete((result, exception) -> {
if (exception != null) {
System.out.println("发生异常:" + exception.getMessage());
} else {
System.out.println("执行结果:" + result);
}
});
并发组合
allOf / anyOf:组合任务
CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(task1, task2);
CompletableFuture<Object> any = CompletableFuture.anyOf(task1, task2);
allOf(...):等待全部任务完成
需要单独从每个任务中再 .get()
拿到结果
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(f1, f2);
all.thenRun(() -> System.out.println("All done")).get();
CompletableFuture<String> userFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> fetchUser());
CompletableFuture<String> orderFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> fetchOrder());
// 两个任务都完成后执行
CompletableFuture<Void> bothDone = CompletableFuture.allOf(userFuture, orderFuture);
bothDone.thenRun(() -> {
try {
String user = userFuture.get();
String order = orderFuture.get();
System.out.println("用户: " + user + ", 订单: " + order);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
});
anyOf(...):任一完成即触发
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(1000); } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
return "fast";
});
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "slow");
CompletableFuture<Object> any = CompletableFuture.anyOf(f1, f2);
System.out.println(any.get()); // 输出最快那个
超时控制
orTimeout(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
:超时异常
如果在指定时间内没有完成,就抛出 TimeoutException
异常。
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (Exception e) {}
return "late result";
}).orTimeout(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
try {
System.out.println(f.get());
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Timeout: " + e.getMessage());
}
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "执行完成";
}).orTimeout(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.exceptionally(ex -> "捕获到异常:" + ex.getClass().getSimpleName());
System.out.println("结果:" + future.join()); // 打印“捕获到异常:TimeoutException”
completeOnTimeout(T value, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
:超时默认值
如果在指定时间内没有完成,则返回一个默认值,并完成该任务。
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try { Thread.sleep(2000); } catch (Exception e) {}
return "slow";
}).completeOnTimeout("timeout default", 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println(f.get()); // timeout default
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000); // 模拟耗时任务
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "正常返回结果";
}).completeOnTimeout("超时默认值", 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("最终结果:" + future.join()); // 会打印“超时默认值”
自定义线程池
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
CompletableFuture<String> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "pooled", pool);
System.out.println(f.get());
pool.shutdown();
异步任务 + 消费结果
CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "hello")
.thenAccept(result -> System.out.println("结果是:" + result));
异步任务 + 转换结果(链式调用)
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> "5")
.thenApply(Integer::parseInt)
.thenApply(num -> num * 2)
.thenApply(Object::toString);
异常处理
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(() -> {
if (true) throw new RuntimeException("出错了!");
return "success";
})
.exceptionally(ex -> {
System.out.println("异常: " + ex.getMessage());
return "默认值";
});
多任务并发组合(allOf / anyOf)
CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "A");
CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "B");
// 等待全部完成
CompletableFuture<Void> all = CompletableFuture.allOf(f1, f2);
all.join();
System.out.println("结果:" + f1.join() + ", " + f2.join());
合并两个任务结果
CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100);
CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 200);
CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.thenCombine(f2, Integer::sum);
System.out.println(result.get()); // 输出 300
自定义线程池
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
return "线程池中的任务";
}, pool);
System.out.println(future.get());
pool.shutdown();
链式异步处理
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Step 1")
.thenApply(s -> s + " -> Step 2")
.thenCompose(s -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> s + " -> Step 3"))
.thenAccept(System.out::println)
.exceptionally(ex -> {
ex.printStackTrace();
return null;
});
订单处理示例
public class OrderSystem {
@Async("dbExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<Order> saveOrder(Order order) {
// 数据库写入操作
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(order);
}
@Async("httpExecutor")
public CompletableFuture<String> notifyLogistics(Order order) {
// 调用物流API
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("SUCCESS");
}
public void processOrder(Order order) {
CompletableFuture<Order> saveFuture = saveOrder(order);
saveFuture.thenCompose(savedOrder ->
notifyLogistics(savedOrder)
).exceptionally(ex -> {
log.error("物流通知失败", ex);
return "FALLBACK";
});
}
}
总结图谱
CompletableFuture
├─ 创建任务
│ ├─ runAsync() -> 无返回值
│ └─ supplyAsync() -> 有返回值
├─ 处理结果
│ ├─ thenApply() -> 转换
│ ├─ thenAccept() -> 消费
│ ├─ thenRun() -> 执行新任务
│ ├─ thenCombine() -> 合并结果
│ └─ thenCompose() -> 链式调用
├─ 异常处理
│ ├─ exceptionally()
│ ├─ handle()
│ └─ whenComplete()
├─ 组合任务
│ ├─ allOf()
│ └─ anyOf()
└─ 超时控制
├─ orTimeout()
└─ completeOnTimeout()
什么场景适合用 Java 异步(@Async / CompletableFuture)?
场景 | 是否适合异步? |
---|---|
调用多个远程服务并行 | ✅ 很适合 |
复杂 CPU 运算耗时任务 | ✅ 可以放到异步线程池 |
简单业务逻辑、数据库操作 | ❌ 不建议,同步更可控 |
非主流程的日志、打点操作 | ✅ 合适异步处理 |
Java 和 .NET 异步处理对比
并行调用两个服务,提高响应速度
Spring Boot 示例(@Async + CompletableFuture)
项目结构
└── src
└── main
├── java
│ ├── demo
│ │ ├── controller
│ │ │ └── AggregateController.java
│ │ ├── service
│ │ │ ├── RemoteService.java
│ │ │ └── RemoteServiceImpl.java
│ │ └── DemoApplication.java
RemoteService.java
public interface RemoteService {
@Async
CompletableFuture<String> getUserInfo();
@Async
CompletableFuture<String> getAccountInfo();
}
RemoteServiceImpl.java
@Service
public class RemoteServiceImpl implements RemoteService {
@Override
public CompletableFuture<String> getUserInfo() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000); // 模拟耗时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("UserInfo");
}
@Override
public CompletableFuture<String> getAccountInfo() {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000); // 模拟耗时
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return CompletableFuture.completedFuture("AccountInfo");
}
}
AggregateController.java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class AggregateController {
@Autowired
private RemoteService remoteService;
@GetMapping("/aggregate")
public ResponseEntity<String> aggregate() throws Exception {
CompletableFuture<String> userFuture = remoteService.getUserInfo();
CompletableFuture<String> accountFuture = remoteService.getAccountInfo();
// 等待所有完成
CompletableFuture.allOf(userFuture, accountFuture).join();
// 获取结果
String result = userFuture.get() + " + " + accountFuture.get();
return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
}
}
DemoApplication.java
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableAsync
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
.NET 示例(async/await)
项目结构
└── Controllers
└── AggregateController.cs
└── Services
└── IRemoteService.cs
└── RemoteService.cs
IRemoteService.cs
public interface IRemoteService {
Task<string> GetUserInfoAsync();
Task<string> GetAccountInfoAsync();
}
RemoteService.cs
public class RemoteService : IRemoteService {
public async Task<string> GetUserInfoAsync() {
await Task.Delay(2000); // 模拟耗时
return "UserInfo";
}
public async Task<string> GetAccountInfoAsync() {
await Task.Delay(3000); // 模拟耗时
return "AccountInfo";
}
}
AggregateController.cs
[ApiController]
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class AggregateController : ControllerBase {
private readonly IRemoteService _remoteService;
public AggregateController(IRemoteService remoteService) {
_remoteService = remoteService;
}
[HttpGet("aggregate")]
public async Task<IActionResult> Aggregate() {
var userTask = _remoteService.GetUserInfoAsync();
var accountTask = _remoteService.GetAccountInfoAsync();
await Task.WhenAll(userTask, accountTask);
var result = $"{userTask.Result} + {accountTask.Result}";
return Ok(result);
}
}
Java vs .NET 异步用法对比总结
方面 | Java(Spring Boot) | .NET Core(ASP.NET) |
---|---|---|
异步声明方式 | @Async + CompletableFuture | async/await |
返回值类型 | CompletableFuture<T> | Task<T> |
等待多个任务 | CompletableFuture.allOf() | Task.WhenAll() |
是否阻塞 | .get() 会阻塞,链式不阻塞 | await 非阻塞 |
简洁性 | 稍复杂(需要注解和线程池配置) | 极简、天然异步支持 |
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