在前面 JSON 解析指南中,有网友提出了在使用类继承时默认实现存在问题。这个问题触发了更多的思考和学习,对他致以最高的谢意。接下来,我就从这个问题开始进一步介绍 Swift 4 中 JSON 解析。
问题回顾
当我们使用类集成时,子类在解析只有继承而来的属性有值而本身的属性则都为 nil 。
enum BeerStyle: String, Codable {
case ipa
case stout
case kolsch
}
class Wine: Codable {
var abv: Float?
}
class Beer: Wine {
var name: String?
var brewery: String?
var style: BeerStyle?
}
let jsonDic = ["name":"beer", "brewery":"100","abv":10.0,"style":"ipa"] as [String : Any]
let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic, options: .prettyPrinted)
let decode = JSONDecoder()
do {
let beer = try decode.decode(Beer.self, from: jsonData)
print("解析成功:\(beer)")
} catch {
print("解析失败:\(error)")
}
上面代码运行的最终结果是:解析成功但是 name、brewery、style 三个属性全部为 nil 。显然,这不是我们想要的结果。这是 Swift 4 中一个有待改进的地方,Codable 默认实现无法覆盖继承这种情况。具体代码详解评论部分。其中涉及的主要关键点:自定义编码和自定义解码。
接下来,我就对前文进行一些补充。
深度自定义
虽然 Codable 的默认实现足够应付大多数情形了,但是有时候我们还是存在一些自定义需求。为了处理这类自定义问题,我们就必须自己覆盖默认的 Codable 实现。
自定义编码
接下来,我们看如何进行编码的自定义实现。假设,我们需要对上篇文章中 Beer Model 进行如下拓展:
struct Beer : Codable {
//...
let createdAt: Date
let bottleSizes: [Float]
let comments: String?
//...
}
但是,我们希望在编码时改变命名风格将 createdAt 映射为 created_at 同时将 bottleSizes 映射为 bottle_sizes,也就是形如以下这种 JSON 格式:
{
"comments" : null,
"style" : "ipa",
"brewery_name" : "Saint Arnold",
"created_at" : "524716294.793119",
"alcohol_by_volume" : 8.8999996185302734,
"bottle_sizes" : [
12,
16
],
"name" : "Endeavor"
}
首先,我们需要对枚举所有的编码健:
struct Beer : Codable {
// ...
enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
case name
case brewery
case abv
case style
case createdAt = "created_at"
case bottleSizes = "bottle_sizes"
case comments
}
}
接下来就是覆盖原有的 encode 方法:
extension Beer {
func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try container.encode(name, forKey: .name)
try container.encode(abv, forKey: .abv)
try container.encode(brewery, forKey: .brewery)
try container.encode(style, forKey: .style)
try container.encode(createdAt, forKey: .createdAt)
try container.encode(comments, forKey: .comments)
try container.encode(bottleSizes, forKey: .bottleSizes)
}
}
最后,验证编码效果:
let beer = Beer.init(name: "name", brewery: "x", abv: "xx", style: BeerStyle.ipa, createdAt: Date.init(), bottleSizes: [2.3,3.6], comments: "xxx")
let encoder = JSONEncoder()
let data = try! encoder.encode(beer)
print(String(data: data, encoding: .utf8)!)
打印结果如下:
{
"comments":"xxx",
"style":"ipa",
"brewery":"x",
"created_at":524716294.793119,
"bottle_sizes": [2.3,3.6],
"abv":"xx",
"name":"name"
}
其中编码过程中最重要的概念就是 container。在进行任何编码之前,我们都需要获取一个 container 对象,而该对象又有三种类型:
- Keyed Container:键值对字典类型
- Unkeyed Container:数值类型
- Single Value Container:仅仅输出 raw value
所以上面我们首先就创建了字典类型:
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
然后,我们通过下面语句实现赋值:
try container.encode(value, forKey: .key)
另外,我们还可以获取 container 对象嵌套的 container 子对象。例如,我们可以对 bottle_sizes 中的数值进行四舍五入操作:
// 将 try container.encode(bottleSizes, forKey: .bottleSizes) 替换为:
var sizes = container.nestedUnkeyedContainer(
forKey: .bottleSizes)
try bottleSizes.forEach {
try sizes.encode($0.rounded())
}
// 结果就是: "bottle_sizes": [2.0,4.0]
自定义解码
与上面自定义编码类似,自定义解码也是通过覆盖默认方法实现。
extension Beer {
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
}
}
接下来,我们从 decoder 中获取 container 对象并将其赋值到对应属性上:
extension Beer {
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
name = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .name)
abv = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .abv)
brewery = try container.decode(String.self,
forKey: .brewery)
style = try container.decode(BeerStyle.self,
forKey: .style)
createdAt = try container.decode(Date.self,
forKey: .createdAt)
comments = try container.decodeIfPresent(String.self,
forKey: .comments)
bottleSizes = try container.decode([Float].self, forKey: .bottleSizes)
}
}
接下来,验证自定义的实现效果:
let jsonDic = ["comments":"xxx","style":"ipa","brewery":"x","created_at":524716294.793119,"bottle_sizes":[2.3,3.6],"abv":"xx","name":"name"] as [String : Any]
let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic, options: .prettyPrinted)
let decode = JSONDecoder()
do {
let beer = try decode.decode(Beer.self, from: jsonData)
print("解析成功:\(beer)")
} catch {
print("解析失败:\(error)")
}
打印结果如下:
解析成功:
Beer( name: "name",
brewery: "x",
abv: "xx",
style: xxx.BeerStyle.ipa,
createdAt: 2017-08-18 02:31:34 +0000,
bottleSizes: [2.29999995, 3.5999999],
comments: Optional("xxx") )
当然,我们同样可以对嵌套的 bottleSizes 进行自定义:
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
// ...
var bottleSizesArray = try container.nestedUnkeyedContainer(forKey: .bottleSizes)
var sizes: [Float] = []
while (!bottleSizesArray.isAtEnd) {
let size = try bottleSizesArray.decode(Float.self)
sizes.append(size.rounded())
}
bottleSizes = Array.init(sizes)
}
扁平化对象
有时候,我们的 Model 可能与 JSON 数据的结构不一致。例如,假设 Beer 对象中 abv 和 style 在 JSON 中是嵌套结构,但是我们不想在代码中新建嵌套结构。这时候,我们就可以使用自定义方法进行实现。
假设,JSON 对象形如:
{
"name": "Lawnmower",
"info": {
"style": "kolsch",
"abv": 4.9
}
// ...
}
要实现对象扁平化,首先我们需要定义出该嵌套结构的键值映射关系:
struct Beer : Codable {
enum CodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
case name
case brewery
case createdAt = "created_at"
case bottleSizes = "bottle_sizes"
case comments
case info // <-- NEW
}
enum InfoCodingKeys: String, CodingKey {
case abv
case style
}
}
在编码时候,我们使用 InfoCodingKeys 创建嵌套字典:
func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
var container = encoder.container(
keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
var info = try encoder.nestedContainer(
keyedBy: InfoCodingKeys.self)
try info.encode(abv, forKey: .abv)
try info.encode(style, forKey: .style)
// ...
}
同样,在解码时取出其中的嵌套对象并进行赋值:
init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(
keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
let info = try decoder.nestedContainer(
keyedBy: InfoCodingKeys.self)
abv = try info.decode(Float.self, forKey: .abv)
style = try info.decode(BeerStyle.self,
forKey: .style)
// ...
}
对象继承
最后我们回到前面的问题,在 Swift 4 中进行类继承解析的时候到底发生了些什么。
首先,我们定义如下对象和继承关系:
class Person : Codable {
var name: String?
init() {}
}
class Employee : Person {
var employeeID: String?
override init() { super.init() }
}
接下来,我们分布检验 Employee 对象的编码和解码操作:
// 默认编码
let employee = Employee()
employee.employeeID = "emp123"
employee.name = "Joe"
let encoder = JSONEncoder()
encoder.outputFormatting = .prettyPrinted
let data = try! encoder.encode(employee)
print(String(data: data, encoding: .utf8)!)
// 默认解码
let jsonDic = ["employeeID":"emp123","name":"Joe"] as [String : Any]
let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic, options: .prettyPrinted)
let decode = JSONDecoder()
do {
let employee = try decode.decode(Employee.self, from: jsonData)
print("解析成功:\(employee)")
} catch {
print("解析失败:\(error)")
}
运行代码你会发现编码打印的结果为:
{
"name" : "Joe"
}
同样的,解码操作也只有 name 属性被赋值了,employeeID 属性为 nil 。这显然与我们想要的理想结果相差甚远。所以,我们需要对上面的对象编码和解码方法进行自定义实现:
class Person : Codable {
var name: String?
private enum CodingKeys : String, CodingKey {
case name
}
init() {}
required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
name = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .name)
}
func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try container.encode(name, forKey: .name)
}
}
class Employee : Person {
var employeeID: String?
private enum CodingKeys : String, CodingKey {
case employeeID
}
override init() { super.init() }
required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
employeeID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .employeeID)
}
override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try container.encode(employeeID, forKey: .employeeID)
}
}
但是,如果你再次运行上面的测试代码的话会发现这次竟然是另一个极端。只有 employeeID 有值而继承得到的 name 属性则为 nil 。这是因为,上面子类在编解码过程中没有调用父类的方法。所以,我们需要将 Employee 中的方法修改为:
class Employee : Person {
//...
required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try super.init(from: decoder)
employeeID: = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .employeeID:)
}
override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
var container = encoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try super.encode(to: encoder)
try container.encode(employeeID, forKey: .employeeID)
}
}
这样,我们就完美解决了之前的问题了。
另外,这里还有一个问题值得注意。上面进行父项编码操作的时直接使用了子类参数,而实际上我们可以使用更合适的参数进行编码操作:
// 替换 try super.encode(to: encoder)
try super.encode(to: container.superEncoder())
打印结果为:
{
"super" : {
"name" : "Joe"
},
"emp_id" : "emp123"
}
当然,我们可以对默认键 super 进行替换:
enum CodingKeys : String, CodingKey {
case employeeID = "emp_id"
case person
}
override func encode(to encoder: Encoder) throws {
// ...
try super.encode(to:container.superEncoder(forKey: .person))
}
修改后的打印结果为:
{
"employeeID" : "emp123",
"person" : {
"name" : "Joe"
}
}
当然,我们同样可以在解码时进行类似操作:
required init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.container(keyedBy: CodingKeys.self)
try super.init(from: container.superDecoder(forKey: .person))
employeeID = try container.decode(String.self, forKey: .employeeID)
}
// 解码检测
let jsonDic = ["employeeID":"emp123","person":["name" : "Joe"] ] as [String : Any]
let jsonData = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonDic, options: .prettyPrinted)
let decode = JSONDecoder()
do {
let employee = try decode.decode(Employee.self, from: jsonData)
print("解析成功:\(employee)")
} catch {
print("解析失败:\(error)")
}
总结
除了使用 Codable 的默认实现处理数据解析外,对于特殊情形我们完全可以通过自定义实现加以解决。虽然 Swift 还有一些地方有待完善,但是这不影响 Codable 功能的强大。希望未来 Swift 能给我们带来更多的惊喜,毕竟下个版本 ABI 就稳定了。
欢迎来站点交流讨论。
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