enum模块定义了:
- 4种枚举类:Enum, IntEnum, Flag, IntFlag
- 装饰器:unique()
- 助手:auto
Flag, IntFlag, auto在python3.6中加入
创建枚举
from enum import Enum
class Color(Enum):
RED = 2
GREEN = 4
BLUE = 6
注意点:
1. 枚举值可以是任何类型,如果值不重要可以使用auto()自动选择。但在有其他已定义的值的情况下,谨慎与auto混用
2. Color是枚举类,Color.RED等是枚举成员,枚举成员拥有name和value属性
3. 虽然使用class关键字创建,但枚举并不是常规意义上的python类
枚举成员的展现形式:
>>>print(Color.RED)
Color.RED
>>>print(repr(Color.RED))
<Color.RED: 2>
枚举成员的type类型是其所属的枚举类:
>>>type(Color.RED)
<enum 'Color'>
>>>isinstance(Color.RED, Color)
True
枚举支持按照定义时的顺序进行迭代:
>>>for color in Color:
... print(color)
...
Color.RED
Color.GREEN
Color.BLUE
枚举成员是可哈希的,因此可以在字典和集合中使用:
>>> apples = {}
>>> apples[Color.RED] = 'red delicious'
>>> apples[Color.GREEN] = 'granny smith'
>>> apples == {Color.RED: 'red delicious', Color.GREEN: 'granny smith'}
True
对枚举成员及其属性的程序化访问
通过值访问枚举成员:
>>>Color(2)
<Color.RED: 2>
通过名称访问枚举成员:
>>>Color["RED"]
<Color.RED: 2>
获取枚举成员的名称和值:
>>>member = Color.RED
>>>member.name
"RED"
>>>member.value
2
枚举成员及其值的重复性问题
拥有两个相同名称的枚举成员是不允许的:
>>> class Shape(Enum):
... SQUARE = 2
... SQUARE = 3
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Attempted to reuse key: 'SQUARE'
不过不同的枚举成员允许拥有相同的值。后定义的成员是先定义的成员的别名,通过值或名称访问时都将返回先定义的成员:
>>> class Shape(Enum):
... SQUARE = 2
... DIAMOND = 1
... CIRCLE = 3
... ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE = 2
...
>>> Shape.SQUARE
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>
>>> Shape.ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>
>>> Shape(2)
<Shape.SQUARE: 2>
注意点:任意两个枚举属性(包括成员、方法等)不允许存在相同的名称
枚举值唯一约束
默认情况下,允许多个成员拥有相同的值。使用unique装饰器可以对枚举值进行唯一约束
@enum.unique
: 枚举专用的类装饰器。它在枚举的__members__属性中只要查找到成员别名就抛出ValueError
异常
>>> from enum import Enum, unique
>>> @unique
... class Mistake(Enum):
... ONE = 1
... TWO = 2
... THREE = 3
... FOUR = 3
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'Mistake'>: FOUR -> THREE
自动生成枚举值
对于不重要的枚举值,可以使用auto自动生成:
>>> from enum import Enum, auto
>>> class Color(Enum):
... RED = auto()
... BLUE = auto()
... GREEN = auto()
...
>>> list(Color)
[<Color.RED: 1>, <Color.BLUE: 2>, <Color.GREEN: 3>]
auto生成什么值取决于_generate_next_value_()方法,可重写:
>>> class AutoName(Enum):
... def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
... return name
...
>>> class Ordinal(AutoName):
... NORTH = auto()
... SOUTH = auto()
... EAST = auto()
... WEST = auto()
...
>>> list(Ordinal)
[<Ordinal.NORTH: 'NORTH'>, <Ordinal.SOUTH: 'SOUTH'>, <Ordinal.EAST: 'EAST'>, <Ordinal.WEST: 'WEST'>]
迭代
对枚举成员的迭代,并不会包含成员别名:
>>> list(Shape)
[<Shape.SQUARE: 2>, <Shape.DIAMOND: 1>, <Shape.CIRCLE: 3>]
__members__属性是一个映射了枚举成员及其名称的有序字典,包括成员别名:
>>> for name, member in Shape.__members__.items():
... name, member
...
('SQUARE', <Shape.SQUARE: 2>)
('DIAMOND', <Shape.DIAMOND: 1>)
('CIRCLE', <Shape.CIRCLE: 3>)
('ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE', <Shape.SQUARE: 2>)
>>> [name for name, member in Shape.__members__.items() if member.name != name]
['ALIAS_FOR_SQUARE']
枚举比较(后两种不适用于IntEnum)
>>> Color.RED is Color.RED
True
>>> Color.RED == Color.BLUE
False
>>> Color.RED < Color.BLUE
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'Color' and 'Color'
>>> Color.BLUE == 6 # 与非枚举的值进行等值比较总是返回False
False
允许的枚举成员与属性
枚举是python类,也可以拥有普通方法和特殊方法:
class Mood(Enum):
FUNKY = 1
HAPPY = 3
def describe(self):
# self is the member here
return self.name, self.value
def __str__(self):
return 'my custom str! {0}'.format(self.value)
@classmethod
def favorite_mood(cls):
# cls here is the enumeration
return cls.HAPPY
注意点:如果枚举中定义了__new()__
或者__init__()
方法,赋值给枚举成员的值将被传递到__new()__
或者__init__()
中
枚举的继承限制
自定义枚举类必须继承自一个枚举基类,至多一个具体的数据类型以及0至多个混合类。继承顺序如下:
class EnumName([mix-in, ...,] [data-type,] base-enum):
pass
基类枚举如果已经定义了成员,则不能被任何子类继承,如下第一种是不允许的,但第二种可以:
>>> class MoreColor(Color):
... PINK = 17
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Cannot extend enumerations
>>> class Foo(Enum):
... def some_behavior(self):
... pass
...
>>> class Bar(Foo):
... HAPPY = 1
... SAD = 2
...
不能这么做的原因是可能破坏某些重要的不允许改变的值(原话是would lead to a violation of some important invariants of bytes and instances
)。
序列化
>>> from a.b import Color
>>> from pickle import dumps, loads
>>> Color.RED is loads(dumps(Color.RED))
True
一般要求序列化的枚举要定义在模块顶层,因为反序列化要求枚举能够从模块导入。不过在第4版的pickle协议中,已经可以序列化嵌套在类中的枚举
通过在枚举中定义__reduce_ex__()
方法,可以修改枚举成员的序列化/反序列化行为
Functional API
枚举类是可调用的:
>>> Animal = Enum("Pet", "Tortoise CAT DOG")
完整的API如下:Enum(value='NewEnumName', names=<...>, *, module='...', qualname='...', type=<mixed-in class>, start=1)
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