2

通用安装指南

以下部分包含选择、下载和验证你的发行版所需的信息,本章后面部分中的说明介绍了如何安装所选的发行版。

要安装的MySQL版本和分发版

MySQL可在许多操作系统和平台上使用,有关官方支持的平台的信息,请参阅MySQL网站上的https://www.mysql.com/support...

准备安装MySQL时,请确定要使用的版本和发行版格式(二进制文件或源代码)。

首先,决定是安装开发版本还是通用可用性(GA)版本,开发版本具有最新功能,但不建议用于生产,GA版本,也称为生产版或稳定版,适用于生产用途,建议使用最新的GA版本。

MySQL 8.0中的命名方案使用包含三个数字和可选后缀的版本名称(例如,mysql-8.0.1-dmr),版本名称中的数字解释如下:

  • 第一个数字(8)是主要版本号。
  • 第二个数字(0)是次要版本号,总的来说,主要和次要数字构成了发行系列号,系列号描述了稳定的特性集。
  • 第三个数字(1)是发行系列中的版本号,对于每个新的错误修复版本,这都会增加,在大多数情况下,系列中的最新版本是最佳选择。

版本名称还可以包含后缀以指示版本的稳定性级别,通过一组后缀在一系列过程中发行,以指示稳定性级别如何提高,可能的后缀是:

  • dmr表示开发里程碑版本(DMR),MySQL开发使用里程碑模型,其中每个里程碑都引入了一小部分经过全面测试的特性。从一个里程碑到下一个里程碑,特性接口可能会发生变化,甚至可能会删除特性,这取决于尝试这些早期版本的社区成员提供的反馈,里程碑版本中的特性可被视为具有预生产质量。
  • rc表示发布候选(RC),通过MySQL的所有内部测试后,发布候选版本被认为是稳定的,RC版本中可能仍会引入新特性,但重点转移到修复错误以稳定系列早期介绍的特性。
  • 缺少后缀表示通用可用性(GA)或生产版本,GA版本是稳定的,已成功通过早期版本阶段,并且被认为是可靠的,没有严重的错误,并且适用于生产系统。

系列中的开发始于DMR版本,随后是RC版本,最后达到GA状态版本。

选择要安装的MySQL版本后,确定要为你的操作系统安装哪种发行版格式,对于大多数用例,二进制发行版是正确的选择。对于许多平台,二进制发行版以原生格式提供,例如Linux的RPM包或OS X的DMG包,发行版还提供更通用的格式,如Zip压缩文件或压缩tar文件。在Windows上,你可以使用MySQL安装程序来安装二进制发行版。

在某些情况下,最好从源代码发行版安装MySQL:

  • 你想在某个显式位置安装MySQL,标准二进制发行版已准备好在任何安装位置运行,但你可能需要更灵活地将MySQL组件放置在你想要的位置。
  • 你希望使用可能未包含在标准二进制发行版中的特性来配置mysqld,下面是一些最常见的额外选项,用于确保特性可用性:

    • -DWITH_LIBWRAP=1用于TCP包装器支持。
    • -DWITH_ZLIB={system|bundled}用于依赖于压缩的特性。
    • -DWITH_DEBUG=1用于调试支持
  • 你希望配置mysqld时不使用标准二进制发行版中包含的一些特性。
  • 你想要读取或修改构成MySQL的C和C++代码,为此,获取源代码发行版。
  • 源代码发行包含比二进制发行版更多的测试和示例。

如何获取MySQL

有关MySQL当前版本和下载说明的信息,请访问https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/上的下载页面。有关MySQL下载镜像站点的完整最新列表,请参阅https://dev.mysql.com/downloa...,你还可以在那里找到有关成为MySQL镜像站点以及如何报告错误或过时镜像的信息。

对于使用Yum作为其包管理系统的基于RPM的Linux平台,可以使用MySQL Yum Repository安装MySQL。

对于基于Debian的Linux平台,可以使用MySQL APT Repository安装MySQL。

对于SUSE Linux Enterprise Server(SLES)平台,可以使用MySQL SLES存储库安装MySQL。

使用MD5校验和或GnuPG验证程序包完整性

下载适合你需要的MySQL软件包之后,在尝试安装之前,请确保它完好无损且未被篡改,有三种完整性检查方法:

  • MD5校验和
  • 使用GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)的加密签名
  • 对于RPM包,内置RPM完整性验证机制

以下部分描述了如何使用这些方法。

如果你注意到MD5校验和或GPG签名不匹配,请首先尝试再次下载相应的程序包,可能是从另一个镜像站点下载。

验证MD5校验和

下载MySQL软件包后,应确保其MD5校验和与MySQL下载页面上提供的校验和匹配,每个包都有一个单独的校验和,你可以根据下载的包进行验证。每个MySQL产品的下载页面上都列出了正确的MD5校验和,你将把它与你下载的文件(产品)的MD5校验和进行比较。

每个操作系统和设置都提供了自己的工具版本,用于检查MD5校验和,通常,该命令名为md5sum,或者可能命名为md5,某些操作系统根本不提供它。在Linux上,它是GNU Text Utilities包的一部分,可用于各种平台,你也可以从http://www.gnu.org/software/t...下载源代码。如果安装了OpenSSL,则可以使用命令openssl md5 package_name。有关md5命令行实用程序的Windows实现,请访问http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/winMd5Sum是一个图形化的MD5检查工具,可以从http://www.nullriver.com/inde...获得,Microsoft Windows示例将假设名称为md5.exe

Linux和Microsoft Windows示例:

shell> md5sum mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945  mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz
shell> md5.exe mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi
aaab65abbec64d5e907dcd41b8699945  mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi

你应该验证生成的校验和(十六进制数字的字符串)是否与相应程序包正下方的下载页面上显示的校验和相匹配。

确保验证存档文件的校验和(例如,.zip.tar.gz.msi文件),而不是存档中包含的文件的校验和,换句话说,在提取其内容之前验证该文件。

使用GnuPG进行签名检查

验证包的完整性和真实性的另一种方法是使用加密签名,这比使用MD5校验和更可靠,但需要更多工作。

GnuPG(GNU Privacy Guard)签署MySQL可下载的软件包,GnuPG是Phil Zimmermann著名的Pretty Good Privacy(PGP)的开源替代品,大多数Linux发行版默认安装了GnuPG,否则,请参阅http://www.gnupg.org/以获取有关GnuPG以及如何获取和安装它的更多信息。

要验证特定包的签名,首先需要获取公共GPG构建密钥的副本,你可以从http://pgp.mit.edu/下载该密钥,你想要获取的密钥名为mysql-build@oss.oracle.com,或者,你可以直接从以下文本复制并粘贴密钥:

-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1

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=ghXk
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

要将构建密钥导入到你的个人公共GPG钥匙串中,请使用gpg --import,例如,如果已将密钥保存在名为mysql_pubkey.asc的文件中,则import命令如下所示:

shell> gpg --import mysql_pubkey.asc
gpg: key 5072E1F5: public key "MySQL Release Engineering
<mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found

你还可以使用公钥ID 5072E1F5从公钥服务器下载密钥:

shell> gpg --recv-keys 5072E1F5
gpg: requesting key 5072E1F5 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
1 new user ID
gpg: key 5072E1F5: "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
53 new signatures
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:           new user IDs: 1
gpg:         new signatures: 53

如果要将密钥导入RPM配置以验证RPM安装包,则应该能够直接导入密钥:

shell> rpm --import mysql_pubkey.asc

下载并导入公共构建密钥后,下载所需的MySQL软件包和相应的签名,该签名也可从下载页面获得,签名文件与扩展名为.asc的发行版文件具有相同的名称,如下表中的示例所示。

文件类型 文件名
发行版文件 mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz
签名文件 mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc

确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中,然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名:

shell> gpg --verify package_name.asc

如果下载的包有效,你将看到类似于以下内容的“Good signature”:

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Tue 01 Feb 2011 02:38:30 AM CST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"

与网站上列出的签名相比,Good signature消息表明文件签名有效,但你可能也会看到警告,如下所示:

shell> gpg --verify mysql-standard-8.0.19-linux-i686.tar.gz.asc
gpg: Signature made Wed 23 Jan 2013 02:25:45 AM PST using DSA key ID 5072E1F5
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Good signature from "MySQL Release Engineering <mysql-build@oss.oracle.com>"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: A4A9 4068 76FC BD3C 4567  70C8 8C71 8D3B 5072 E1F5

这是正常的,因为它们取决于你的设置和配置,以下是对这些警告的解释:

  • gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found:这意味着特定密钥不会被你或你的信任网“最终信任”,这对于验证文件签名是可以的。
  • WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.:这指的是你对自己拥有真正公钥的信任程度,这是个人决定,理想情况下,MySQL开发人员会亲自向你提供密钥,但更常见的是,你下载了密钥。下载是否被篡改?可能不是,但这个决定取决于你,建立信任网是信任它们的一种方法。

有关如何使用公钥的更多信息,请参阅GPG文档。

使用Gpg4win进行签名检查

下载并安装Gpg4win,然后加载Kleopatra,该对话框应类似于:

gnupg-kleopatra-home.png

接下来,添加MySQL Release Engineering证书,通过点击File->Lookup Certificates on Server来执行此操作,在搜索框中输入“Mysql Release Engineering”,然后按Search

gnupg-kleopatra-find-certificate.png

选择“MySQL Release Engineering”证书,指纹和密钥ID必须为“5072E1F5”,或选择Details...以确认证书有效,现在,通过单击Import将其导入,将显示导入对话框,选择Okay,此证书现在将列在Imported Certificates选项卡下。

接下来,配置证书的信任级别,选择证书,然后从主菜单中选择CertificatesChange Owner Trust...,建议选择I believe checks are very accurate,否则你可能无法验证签名,选择I believe checks are very accurate以启用“完全信任”,然后按OK

gnupg-kleopatra-change-trust.png

接下来,验证下载的MySQL包文件,这需要打包文件和签名的文件,签名文件必须与打包文件具有相同的名称,但附加.asc扩展名,如下表中的示例所示,签名链接到每个MySQL产品的下载页面,你必须使用此签名创建.asc文件。

文件类型 文件名
发行版文件 mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi
签名文件 mysql-installer-community-8.0.19.msi.asc

确保两个文件都存储在同一目录中,然后运行以下命令以验证发行版文件的签名,将签名(.asc)文件拖放到Kleopatra中,或从FileDecrypt/Verify Files...加载对话框,然后选择.msi.asc文件。

gnupg-kleopatra-decrypt-load.png

单击Decrypt/Verify以检查文件,两个最常见的结果将如下所示,虽然黄色警告看起来有问题,但以下表示文件检查成功通过,你现在可以运行此安装程序。

gnupg-kleopatra-decrypt-okay-sig.png

看到红色“The signature is bad”错误表示文件无效,如果看到此错误,请不要执行MSI文件。

gnupg-kleopatra-decrypt-invalid-sig.png

使用RPM签名检查

对于RPM软件包,没有单独的签名,RPM软件包具有内置GPG签名和MD5校验和,你可以通过运行以下命令来验证包:

shell> rpm --checksig package_name.rpm

例如:

shell> rpm --checksig MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm
MySQL-server-8.0.19-0.linux_glibc2.5.i386.rpm: md5 gpg OK
如果你使用的是RPM 4.1并且它抱怨 (GPG) NOT OK (MISSING KEYS: GPG#5072e1f5),即使你已将MySQL公共构建密钥导入到你自己的GPG钥匙串中,你需要先将密钥导入RPM钥匙串。RPM 4.1不再使用你的个人GPG钥匙串(或GPG本身),相反,RPM维护一个单独的钥匙串,因为它是一个系统范围的应用程序,而用户的GPG公钥串是一个用户特定的文件。要将MySQL公钥导入RPM密钥串,首先获取密钥,然后使用rpm --import导入密钥,例如:
shell> gpg --export -a 5072e1f5 > 5072e1f5.asc
shell> rpm --import 5072e1f5.asc

或者,rpm还支持直接从URL加载密钥,你可以使用此手册页:

shell> rpm --import https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/checking-gpg-signature.html

安装布局

安装布局因不同的安装类型(例如,原生程序包、二进制tar包和源代码压缩包)而不同,这可能会在管理不同系统或使用不同安装源时导致混淆,各个布局在相应的安装类型或平台章节中给出,请注意,Oracle以外的供应商的安装布局可能与这些布局不同。

编译器特定的构建特征

在某些情况下,用于构建MySQL的编译器会影响可用的特性,本节中的注释适用于Oracle Corporation提供的二进制发行版或你从源代码编译的。

icc(Intel C++ Compiler)构建

使用icc构建的服务器具有以下特征:

  • 不包括SSL支持。

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