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在 Java 中,Runnable 接口表示一个没有返回结果的任务,而 Callable 接口表示具有返回结果的任务。
在并发编程中,异步执行任务,再获取任务结果,可以提高系统的吞吐量。Future 接口应运而生,它表示异步任务的执行结果,并提供了检查任务是否执行完、取消任务、获取任务执行结果等功能。FutureTask 是 Future 接口的基本实现,常与线程池实现类 ThreadPoolExecutor 配合使用。

本文基于 jdk1.8.0_91

1. 继承体系

继承体系
RunnableFuture 接口同时实现了 Runnable 接口和 Future 接口,是一种冗余设计。

java.util.concurrent.RunnableFuture

/**
 * A {@link Future} that is {@link Runnable}. Successful execution of
 * the {@code run} method causes completion of the {@code Future}
 * and allows access to its results.
 * 
 * @see FutureTask
 * @see Executor
 * @since 1.6
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's {@code get} method
 */
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    /**
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
     * unless it has been cancelled.
     */
    void run();
}

FutureTask 是一个可取消的异步任务,是对 Future 接口的基本实现,具有以下功能:

  • 启动或中断的任务的执行;
  • 判断任务是否执行完成;
  • 获取任务执行完成后的结果。

同时,FutureTask 可以用于包装 Callable 或 Runnable 对象。
由于它实现了 Runnable 接口,可以提交给 Executor 执行。

/**
 * A cancellable asynchronous computation. 
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <V> The result type returned by this FutureTask's {@code get} methods
 */
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>

java.util.concurrent.Executor

/**
 * An object that executes submitted {@link Runnable} tasks.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public interface Executor {

    void execute(Runnable command);
}

2. 属性

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask

// The run state of this task, initially NEW.
// 任务的执行状态,初始为 NEW。
private volatile int state;

/** The underlying callable; nulled out after running */
// 需要执行的任务,任务执行完后为空
private Callable<V> callable;

/** The result to return or exception to throw from get() */
// 任务的执行结果,或者任务抛出的异常
private Object outcome; // non-volatile, protected by state reads/writes

/** The thread running the callable; CASed during run() */
// 执行任务的线程
private volatile Thread runner;

/** Treiber stack of waiting threads */
// 指向栈顶的指针,栈结构用于存储等待任务执行结果的线程
private volatile WaitNode waiters;

其中 state、runner、waiters 三个属性在并发时存在争用,采用 CAS 维护其准确性。

// Unsafe mechanics
private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
private static final long stateOffset;
private static final long runnerOffset;
private static final long waitersOffset;
static {
    try {
        UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
        Class<?> k = FutureTask.class;
        stateOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
            (k.getDeclaredField("state"));
        runnerOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
            (k.getDeclaredField("runner"));
        waitersOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
            (k.getDeclaredField("waiters"));
    } catch (Exception e) {
        throw new Error(e);
    }
}

2.1 状态定义

/**
 * The run state of this task, initially NEW.  The run state
 * transitions to a terminal state only in methods set,
 * setException, and cancel.  During completion, state may take on
 * transient values of COMPLETING (while outcome is being set) or
 * INTERRUPTING (only while interrupting the runner to satisfy a
 * cancel(true)). Transitions from these intermediate to final
 * states use cheaper ordered/lazy writes because values are unique
 * and cannot be further modified.
 *
 * Possible state transitions:
 * NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL
 * NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
 * NEW -> CANCELLED
 * NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED
 */
private volatile int state;
private static final int NEW          = 0;
private static final int COMPLETING   = 1;
private static final int NORMAL       = 2;
private static final int EXCEPTIONAL  = 3;
private static final int CANCELLED    = 4;
private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;
private static final int INTERRUPTED  = 6;

FutureTask 中使用 state 代表任务在运行过程中的状态。随着任务的执行,状态将不断地进行转变。

状态的说明

  • NEW: 新建状态,任务都从该状态开始。
  • COMPLETING: 任务结果正在设置中(正常结果或异常信息)。
  • NORMAL: 任务正常执行完成。
  • EXCEPTIONAL: 任务执行过程中抛出了异常。
  • CANCELLED: 任务被取消(不响应中断)。
  • INTERRUPTING:任务正在被中断。
  • INTERRUPTED: 任务已经中断。

状态转移过程

NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL
NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
NEW -> CANCELLED
NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED

状态的分类

  • 任务的初始状态:NEW
  • 任务的中间状态:COMPLETING、INTERRUPTING
  • 任务的终止状态:NORMAL、EXCEPTIONAL、CANCELLED、INTERRUPTED

2.2 状态使用

FutureTask 中判断任务是否已取消、是否已完成,是根据 state 来判断的。

public boolean isCancelled() {
    return state >= CANCELLED; // CANCELLED、INTERRUPTING、INTERRUPTED
}

public boolean isDone() {
    return state != NEW;
}

可以看到:

  • 被取消或被中断的任务(CANCELLED、INTERRUPTING、INTERRUPTED),都视为已取消。
  • 当任务离开了初始状态 NEW,就视为任务已结束。任务的中间态很短暂,并不代表任务正在执行,而是任务已经执行完了,正在设置最终的返回结果。

根据状态值,FutureTask 可以保证已经完成的任务不会被再次运行或者被取消。

中间状态虽然是一个瞬时状态,在 FutureTask 中用于线程间的通讯。例如:

  • 在 FutureTask#run 中检测到状态 >= INTERRUPTING,说明其他线程发起了取消操作,当前线程需等待对方完成中断。
  • 在 FutureTask#get 中检测到状态 <= COMPLETING,说明执行任务的线程尚未处理完,当前线程需等待对方完成任务。

2.2 栈(Treiber stack)

/** Treiber stack of waiting threads */
private volatile WaitNode waiters; // 栈顶指针

/**
 * Simple linked list nodes to record waiting threads in a Treiber
 * stack.  See other classes such as Phaser and SynchronousQueue
 * for more detailed explanation.
 */
static final class WaitNode {
    volatile Thread thread; // 等待任务执行结果的线程
    volatile WaitNode next; // 栈的下一个节点
    WaitNode() { thread = Thread.currentThread(); }
}

FutureTask 使用链表来构造栈(Treiber stack,使用 CAS 保证栈操作的线程安全,如 SynchronousQueue 中的 TransferStack,可参考我对 SynchronousQueue 的源码阅读笔记)。
其中 waiters 是链表的头节点,代表栈顶的指针。

栈的作用
FutureTask 实现了 Future 接口,如果获取结果时,任务还没有执行完毕,那么获取结果的线程就在栈中挂起,直到任务执行完毕被唤醒。

3. 构造函数

赋值任务,设置任务的初始状态。

/**
 * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
 * given {@code Callable}.
 *
 * @param  callable the callable task
 * @throws NullPointerException if the callable is null
 */
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
    if (callable == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    this.callable = callable;
    this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
}

/**
 * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
 * given {@code Runnable}, and arrange that {@code get} will return the
 * given result on successful completion.
 *
 * @param runnable the runnable task
 * @param result the result to return on successful completion. If
 * you don't need a particular result, consider using
 * constructions of the form:
 * {@code Future<?> f = new FutureTask<Void>(runnable, null)}
 * @throws NullPointerException if the runnable is null
 */
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
    this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
    this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
}

值得注意的两个地方:

  • FutureTask 创建的时候,状态为 NEW。
  • 由于 FutureTask 使用 Callable 表示任务,需用 Executors#callable 方法将 Runnable 转换为 Callable。

测试:

@Test
public void executors() throws Exception {
    Callable<String> callable = Executors.callable(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("run!");
        }
    }, "haha");
    String call = callable.call();
    System.out.println("call = " + call);
}

执行结果:

run!
call = haha

4. Runnable 实现

4.1 FutureTask#run

代码流程:

  1. 校验任务是否可执行:任务已执行或其他线程已获取执行权,则无法执行。
  2. 调用 Callable#call 执行任务。
  3. 若任务执行失败,使用 setException 方法设置异常。
  4. 若任务执行成功,使用 set 方法设置返回结果。
  5. 最后,清除对当前线程的记录,判断是否等待中断。

注意,在任务执行结束后,属性 runner、callable 都会被清空。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#run

public void run() {
    // state != NEW 说明任务已经执行完毕,不再重复执行
    // 将 runner 属性设置为当前线程,若设置失败说明其他线程已获取执行权
    if (state != NEW || 
        !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,  
                                     null, Thread.currentThread()))
        return;
    try {
        Callable<V> c = callable;
        if (c != null && state == NEW) {
            V result;
            boolean ran;
            try {
                result = c.call(); // 执行 Callable#call
                ran = true;
            } catch (Throwable ex) {
                result = null;
                ran = false;
                setException(ex); // 执行失败,设置异常
            }
            if (ran)
                set(result); // 执行成功,设置结果
        }
    } finally {
        // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
        // prevent concurrent calls to run()
        runner = null;
        // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
        // leaked interrupts
        int s = state;
        if (s >= INTERRUPTING) // INTERRUPTING、INTERRUPTED
            handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
    }
}

4.1.1 FutureTask#set

任务执行成功之后,调用该方法。
用于设置任务状态、设置任务执行结果、唤醒栈中等待任务执行结果的线程。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#set

/**
 * Sets the result of this future to the given value unless
 * this future has already been set or has been cancelled.
 *
 * <p>This method is invoked internally by the {@link #run} method
 * upon successful completion of the computation.
 *
 * @param v the value
 */
protected void set(V v) {
    if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) { // state: NEW -> COMPLETING
        outcome = v;
        UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state: COMPLETING -> NORMAL
        finishCompletion();
    }
}

状态变化:NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL

由于 state 属性是 volatile,这里 putOrderedInt 和 putIntVolatile 是等价的,保证可见性。

为什么这里使用 lazySet 而没有用 CAS :

  • 在并发情况下,只有一个线程执行 CAS 将 state 从 NEW 修改为 COMPLETING 会成功,其他线程均失败。
  • 因此随后只有一个线程继续修改 state 为 NORMAL,不存在争用,无需使用 CAS。

4.1.2 FutureTask#setException

任务执行发生异常,调用该方法。
除了设置任务状态不同,其他与 FutureTask#set 相同。

状态变化:NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#setException

/**
 * Causes this future to report an {@link ExecutionException}
 * with the given throwable as its cause, unless this future has
 * already been set or has been cancelled.
 *
 * <p>This method is invoked internally by the {@link #run} method
 * upon failure of the computation.
 *
 * @param t the cause of failure
 */
protected void setException(Throwable t) {
    if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) { // state: NEW -> COMPLETING
        outcome = t;
        UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, EXCEPTIONAL); // final state: COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL 
        finishCompletion();
    }
}

4.1.3 FutureTask#finishCompletion

执行完毕,唤醒等待线程。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#finishCompletion

/**
 * Removes and signals all waiting threads, invokes done(), and
 * nulls out callable.
 */
private void finishCompletion() {
    // assert state > COMPLETING;
    for (WaitNode q; (q = waiters) != null;) {
        if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, null)) { 
        // CAS 将 waiters 属性置空:1. CAS 成功,遍历链表唤醒所有节点;2. CAS 失败,重新读取 waiters
            for (;;) {
                Thread t = q.thread;
                if (t != null) {
                    q.thread = null;
                    LockSupport.unpark(t); // 唤醒节点上的线程
                }
                WaitNode next = q.next;
                if (next == null)
                    break;
                q.next = null; // unlink to help gc // 出栈
                q = next;
            }
            break;
        }
    }

    done(); // 预留方法

    callable = null;        // to reduce footprint
}

4.1.4 FutureTask#handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt

在 FutureTask#cancel 方法中,会先将 state 设为 INTERRUPTING,再中断 runner 线程,最后将 state 设为 INTERRUPTED。

所以在 FutureTask#run 的 finally 块中如果检查到 state == INTERRUPTING,说明其他线程发起了 cancel(true) 操作,这里需要等待其他线程中断当前线程。直到检测到 state != INTERRUPTING,说明其他线程已完成中断当前线程操作。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt

/**
 * Ensures that any interrupt from a possible cancel(true) is only
 * delivered to a task while in run or runAndReset.
 */
private void handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(int s) {
    // It is possible for our interrupter to stall before getting a
    // chance to interrupt us.  Let's spin-wait patiently.
    if (s == INTERRUPTING)
        while (state == INTERRUPTING) // 其他线程中断当前线程之后,会设置 state 为 INTERRUPTED,使这里结束循环
            Thread.yield(); // wait out pending interrupt

    // assert state == INTERRUPTED;

    // We want to clear any interrupt we may have received from
    // cancel(true).  However, it is permissible to use interrupts
    // as an independent mechanism for a task to communicate with
    // its caller, and there is no way to clear only the
    // cancellation interrupt.
    //
    // Thread.interrupted();
}

4.2 FutureTask#runAndReset

支持周期性执行任务:

  • 执行任务成功,不用返回任务结果,也不用改变任务状态(保持为 NEW),下次可以再次执行任务。
  • 执行任务失败,则设置异常结果,并修改任务状态(不为 NEW),下次无法再次执行任务。
  • 取消执行任务,则等待其他线程中断当前线程,并修改任务状态(不为 NEW),下次无法再次执行任务。
/**
 * designed for use with tasks that intrinsically execute more    // 设计用来支持定时任务
 * than once.
 *
 * @return {@code true} if successfully run and reset
 */
protected boolean runAndReset() {
    if (state != NEW ||
        !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                     null, Thread.currentThread()))
        return false;
    boolean ran = false;
    int s = state;
    try {
        Callable<V> c = callable;
        if (c != null && s == NEW) {
            try {
                c.call(); // don't set result
                ran = true;
            } catch (Throwable ex) {
                setException(ex); // 修改 state: NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
            }
        }
    } finally {
        // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
        // prevent concurrent calls to run()
        runner = null;
        // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
        // leaked interrupts
        s = state;
        if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
            handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
    }
    return ran && s == NEW; // 返回 true 则允许下次再执行 runAndReset
}

5. Future 实现

5.1 Future#get

获取任务执行的结果:

  • 如果任务未完成(NEW、COMPLETING),取结果的线程会阻塞(或自旋)。
  • 如果任务执行出错(EXCEPTIONAL),抛出 ExecutionException
  • 如果任务被取消了(CANCELLED、INTERRUPTING、INTERRUPTED),抛出 CancellationException
  • 如果线程等待被中断,抛出 InterruptedException

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#get()

/**
 * @throws CancellationException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
    int s = state;
    if (s <= COMPLETING)
        s = awaitDone(false, 0L); // 自旋或阻塞等待任务完成
    return report(s);             // 获取任务执行结果或抛出异常
}

5.1.1 FutureTask#awaitDone

等待任务完成(任务执行完成、任务执行出现异常、任务取消执行),若当前线程发生中断、超时则停止等待。

在自旋中进行判断:

  • 若当前线程已中断,则将节点出栈,抛出 InterruptedException。
  • 若 state > COMPLETING,说明任务已经完成,返回当前 state。
  • 若 state == COMPLETING,说明任务即将完成,当前线程继续自旋。
  • 若 state < COMPLETING,需要将当前线程入栈等待:

    • 无超时时间,一直等待直到被其他线程唤醒(FutureTask#run 或 FutureTask#cancel)或发生中断(Thread#interrupt);
    • 有超时时间,阻塞直到超时、被唤醒、发生中断。若已超时,将节点出栈,返回 state。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#awaitDone

/**
 * Awaits completion or aborts on interrupt or timeout.
 *
 * @param timed true if use timed waits
 * @param nanos time to wait, if timed
 * @return state upon completion
 */
private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
    throws InterruptedException {
    final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
    WaitNode q = null;
    boolean queued = false;
    for (;;) {
        if (Thread.interrupted()) { // 检查并清除中断状态
            removeWaiter(q);        // 已中断,将节点出栈
            throw new InterruptedException();
        }

        int s = state;
        if (s > COMPLETING) { // 其他线程已完成任务,结束等待
            if (q != null)
                q.thread = null;
            return s;
        }
        else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet
            Thread.yield();
        else if (q == null)
            q = new WaitNode();   // 创建节点,设置 q.thread
        else if (!queued)
            queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset,
                                                 q.next = waiters, q); // 节点 q 入栈,作为新的头节点 waiters
        else if (timed) {
            nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
            if (nanos <= 0L) {
                removeWaiter(q);  // 已超时,将节点出栈
                return state;
            }
            LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
        }
        else
            LockSupport.park(this); // 进入阻塞,由 FutureTask#run 或 FutureTask#cancel 来唤醒(内部均调用 FutureTask#finishCompletion)
    }
}

5.1.2 FutureTask#report

当前线程等待完毕,获取任务的执行结果,或者抛出异常。

java.util.concurrent.FutureTask#report

/**
 * Returns result or throws exception for completed task.
 *
 * @param s completed state value
 */
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {
    Object x = outcome;
    if (s == NORMAL)
        return (V)x;
    if (s >= CANCELLED) // CANCELLED、INTERRUPTING、INTERRUPTED
        throw new CancellationException();
    throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);
}

5.2 Future#get(timeout, unit)

在一定的时间之内,等待获取任务执行的结果。

/**
 * @throws CancellationException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
    throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
    if (unit == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    int s = state;
    if (s <= COMPLETING &&
        (s = awaitDone(true, unit.toNanos(timeout))) <= COMPLETING)
        throw new TimeoutException(); // 等待超时了,任务还没有执行完,则抛出 TimeoutException
    return report(s);
}

5.3 Future#cancel

尝试取消任务的执行:

  • 如果任务已完成或已取消,则取消操作会失败,返回 false。
  • 如果任务还未执行,则取消操作会成功,返回 true。
  • 如果任务正在执行,方法的参数就会指示线程是否需要中断:

    • mayInterruptIfRunning 为 true,则当前正在执行的任务会被中断;
    • mayInterruptIfRunning 为 false,则允许正在执行的任务继续运行,直到它执行完。

状态变化:
NEW -> CANCELLED
NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED

public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
    // 如果任务还没有启动(NEW),则修改任务状态(INTERRUPTING or CANCELLED),修改成功则进入下一步
    // 如果任务状态不是 NEW,则直接返回。说明任务已完结(已完成、已取消、出现异常),无法取消,返回 false
    if (!(state == NEW &&
          UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW,
              mayInterruptIfRunning ? INTERRUPTING : CANCELLED)))
        return false;
    try {    // in case call to interrupt throws exception 
        // 进入这里,说明任务状态为 INTERRUPTING or CANCELLED
        // mayInterruptIfRunning 为 true 说明需要中断执行任务的线程,为 false 允许任务继续执行完
        if (mayInterruptIfRunning) { 
            try {
                Thread t = runner;
                if (t != null)
                    t.interrupt();
            } finally { // final state
                // 只有一个线程会执行到这里,无需使用 CAS
                UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, INTERRUPTED); // INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED 
            }
        }
    } finally {
        finishCompletion(); // 唤醒等待线程
    }
    return true;
}

6. 示例

使用三个线程依次执行:提交任务、等待任务、取消任务。
观察执行结果,理解并发情况下多个线程之间如何使用 Future 进行交互。

/**
 * 三个线程依次执行:提交任务、等待任务、取消任务
 * 在任务未执行完的时候,取消任务。
 * 
 * @author Sumkor
 * @since 2021/4/28
 */
@Test
public void cancel() throws InterruptedException {
    // 定义任务
    FutureTask<String> futureTask = new FutureTask<>(new Callable<String>() {
        @Override
        public String call() throws Exception {
            Thread.sleep(10000);
            return "哦豁";
        }
    });

    CountDownLatch submitGate = new CountDownLatch(1); // 等待任务提交
    CountDownLatch endGate = new CountDownLatch(3);    // 等待线程执行完

    // 提交任务
    new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                submitGate.countDown();

                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 执行任务开始");
                futureTask.run();
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 执行任务结束");
            } finally {
                endGate.countDown();
            }
        }
    }).start();

    // 等待任务
    new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                submitGate.await();
                Thread.sleep(1000);// 等待 futureTask.run() 执行一段时间后再获取结果

                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取任务结果开始");
                String result = futureTask.get();
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取任务结果结束 " + result);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 获取任务结果失败 " + e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                endGate.countDown();
            }
        }
    }).start();

    // 取消任务
    new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                submitGate.await();
                Thread.sleep(2000);// 等待 futureTask.get() 执行一段时间后再取消任务

                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 取消任务开始");
                boolean cancel = futureTask.cancel(true);
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 取消任务结束 " + cancel);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 取消任务失败 " + e.getMessage());
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                endGate.countDown();
            }
        }
    }).start();

    endGate.await();
}

执行结果:

Thread-0 执行任务开始
Thread-1 获取任务结果开始
Thread-2 取消任务开始
Thread-2 取消任务结束 true
Thread-0 执行任务结束
Thread-1 获取任务结果失败 null
java.util.concurrent.CancellationException
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:121)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192)
    at com.sumkor.pool.FutureTest$6.run(FutureTest.java:129)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)

说明:

  • 线程 A 启动任务一段时间后,线程 B 来获取任务结果,进入等待。
  • 随后线程 C 取消任务,将线程 A 中断(线程 A 不会抛异常,因为 FutureTask#cancel 先一步修改了 state 导致 FutureTask#setException 中 CAS 失败)。
  • 此时线程 B 在等待中被唤醒(由线程 C 唤醒,检查到 state 为 INTERRUPTED)并抛出异常 CancellationException。

7. 总结

  • FutureTask 实现了 Runnable 和 Future 接口,是一个可取消的异步任务。
  • FutureTask 中的任务具有 7 种状态,多个线程之间通过该状态来操作任务,如判断任务是否已完成、取消任务、获取任务结果。
  • FutureTask 中只要任务不是 NEW 状态,就表示任务已经执行完毕或者不再执行了,并没有表示“任务正在执行中”的状态。
  • FutureTask 中使用链表和 CAS 机制构建一个并发安全的栈,用于存储等待获取任务结果的线程。
  • FutureTask 在等待获取任务结果时,依旧会阻塞主线程,违背了异步的初衷。JDK 8 引入了 CompletableFuture,利用回调机制来做到异步获取任务结果。

作者:Sumkor
链接:https://segmentfault.com/a/11...


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