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头图

复制集原理

复制集的作用

主要为了实现mongodb服务的高可用,复制集之间是一种主从关系

  • 当数据写入时将数据迅速复制到其它节点
  • 当主节点发生故障时自动选出一个新的节点代替

由上面的特点,我们对redis了解的话,可以很快联想到哨兵模式

在除了以上的数据同步故障节点替换两大特性以外,复制集还存在以下作用

  • 数据分发:将数据分发到不同的区域,减少读的延迟

    例如公司在北京、上海、广州都有数据中心,但只有北京的是可以写入的中心,可将数据异地分发,提高上海和广州大区用户的读取效率。

  • 读写分离
  • 异地容灾:数据中心故障时快速切换到异地。

复制集的结构

复制集的结构与其它中间件的主从模式基本类似。

一个典型的复制集由3个及以上具有投票的节点组成:

  • 主节点:只有一个,负责数据的写入和读取,以及选举时投票。
  • 从节点:至少有两个,负责数据读取和选举投票。

数据的复制原理

  • 当数据(主节点)发生修改(增删改)时,它对数据的操作将被记录在一个oplog文件当中。
  • 从节点通过在主节点上代开一个tailable游标不断获取主节点中新增的oplog并且不断在自己的节点上重现这些操作,以此来实现和主节点上的数据一致。

主节点选举原理

  1. 具有投票权的节点之间两两互相发送心跳。
  2. 当5次心跳未收到时判断为节点失联。
  3. 如果主节点失联,从节点会选出新的主节点,但失联的从节点不会参与选举。
  4. 选举基于RAFT一致性算法实现,选举成功的必要条件是大多数投票节点存活。
  5. 复制集中最多可有50个节点,但有投票权的最多有7个。
  6. 被选举为主节点的的节点 必须能与多数节点建立连接、有比较新的oplog、比较高的优先级(如果配置中有)

搭建一个复制集

下面是在linux下创建一个mongodb复制集

创建三个目录
mkdir -p /data/mongodb/db{1,2,3}
配置文件
#节点1
systemLog:
 destination: file
 path: /data/mongodb/db1/mongod.log #日志路径
 logAppend: true
storage:
 dbPath: /data/mongodb/db1 #数据文件
net:
 bindIp: 0.0.0.0    #在所有网卡监听,为了外网访问
 port: 28017
replication:    #复制集,没有的话就是一个单节点
 replSetName: rs0 #复制集名字
processManagement:
 fork: true #把进程作为独立的后台进程进程
#节点2
systemLog:
 destination: file
 path: /data/mongodb/db2/mongod.log #日志路径
 logAppend: true
storage:
 dbPath: /data/mongodb/db2 #数据文件
net:
 bindIp: 0.0.0.0    #在所有网卡监听,为了外网访问
 port: 28018
replication:    #复制集,没有的话就是一个单节点
 replSetName: rs0 #复制集名字
processManagement:
 fork: true #把进程作为独立的后台进程进程
#节点3
systemLog:
 destination: file
 path: /data/mongodb/db3/mongod.log #日志路径
 logAppend: true
storage:
 dbPath: /data/mongodb/db3 #数据文件
net:
 bindIp: 0.0.0.0    #在所有网卡监听,为了外网访问
 port: 28019
replication:    #复制集,没有的话就是一个单节点
 replSetName: rs0 #复制集名字
processManagement:
 fork: true #把进程作为独立的后台进程进程
启动进程
mongod -f db1/mongod.conf
mongod -f db2/mongod.conf
mongod -f db3/mongod.conf
配置复制集
  1. 进入主节点

    mongo --port 28017

  2. 设置主节点

    rs.initiate()

    {
            "info2" : "no configuration specified. Using a default configuration for the set",
            "me" : "supman:28017",
            "ok" : 1
    }
  3. 查看节点状态

    rs.status()

    {
            "set" : "rs0",
            "date" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:30.616Z"),
            "myState" : 1,
            "term" : NumberLong(1),
            "syncSourceHost" : "",
            "syncSourceId" : -1,
            "heartbeatIntervalMillis" : NumberLong(2000),
            "majorityVoteCount" : 1,
            "writeMajorityCount" : 1,
            "votingMembersCount" : 1,
            "writableVotingMembersCount" : 1,
            "optimes" : {
                    "lastCommittedOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "lastCommittedWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:24.656Z"),
                    "readConcernMajorityOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "readConcernMajorityWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:24.656Z"),
                    "appliedOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "durableOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "lastAppliedWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:24.656Z"),
                    "lastDurableWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:24.656Z")
            },
            "lastStableRecoveryTimestamp" : Timestamp(1638286364, 1),
            "electionCandidateMetrics" : {
                    "lastElectionReason" : "electionTimeout",
                    "lastElectionDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.614Z"),
                    "electionTerm" : NumberLong(1),
                    "lastCommittedOpTimeAtElection" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(0, 0),
                            "t" : NumberLong(-1)
                    },
                    "lastSeenOpTimeAtElection" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286074, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(-1)
                    },
                    "numVotesNeeded" : 1,
                    "priorityAtElection" : 1,
                    "electionTimeoutMillis" : NumberLong(10000),
                    "newTermStartDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.637Z"),
                    "wMajorityWriteAvailabilityDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.660Z")
            },
            "members" : [
                    {
                            "_id" : 0,
                            "name" : "supman:28017",
                            "health" : 1,
                            "state" : 1,
                            "stateStr" : "PRIMARY",
                            "uptime" : 1227,
                            "optime" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:33:24Z"),
                            "syncSourceHost" : "",
                            "syncSourceId" : -1,
                            "infoMessage" : "",
                            "electionTime" : Timestamp(1638286074, 2),
                            "electionDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54Z"),
                            "configVersion" : 1,
                            "configTerm" : 1,
                            "self" : true,
                            "lastHeartbeatMessage" : ""
                    }
            ],
            "ok" : 1,
            "$clusterTime" : {
                    "clusterTime" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1),
                    "signature" : {
                            "hash" : BinData(0,"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="),
                            "keyId" : NumberLong(0)
                    }
            },
            "operationTime" : Timestamp(1638286404, 1)
    }

    找到status信息里面的 members.name 字段

    "name" : "supman:28017"
  4. 增加从节点

    rs.add("supman:28018")

    {
            "ok" : 1,
            "$clusterTime" : {
                    "clusterTime" : Timestamp(1638286626, 1),
                    "signature" : {
                            "hash" : BinData(0,"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="),
                            "keyId" : NumberLong(0)
                    }
            },
            "operationTime" : Timestamp(1638286626, 1)
    }

    rs.add("supman:28019")

    {
            "ok" : 1,
            "$clusterTime" : {
                    "clusterTime" : Timestamp(1638286660, 1),
                    "signature" : {
                            "hash" : BinData(0,"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="),
                            "keyId" : NumberLong(0)
                    }
            },
            "operationTime" : Timestamp(1638286660, 1)
    }
  5. 再次查看状态

    {
            "set" : "rs0",
            "date" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:29.903Z"),
            "myState" : 1,
            "term" : NumberLong(1),
            "syncSourceHost" : "",
            "syncSourceId" : -1,
            "heartbeatIntervalMillis" : NumberLong(2000),
            "majorityVoteCount" : 2,
            "writeMajorityCount" : 2,
            "votingMembersCount" : 3,
            "writableVotingMembersCount" : 3,
            "optimes" : {
                    "lastCommittedOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "lastCommittedWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24.673Z"),
                    "readConcernMajorityOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "readConcernMajorityWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24.673Z"),
                    "appliedOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "durableOpTime" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(1)
                    },
                    "lastAppliedWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24.673Z"),
                    "lastDurableWallTime" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24.673Z")
            },
            "lastStableRecoveryTimestamp" : Timestamp(1638287034, 1),
            "electionCandidateMetrics" : {
                    "lastElectionReason" : "electionTimeout",
                    "lastElectionDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.614Z"),
                    "electionTerm" : NumberLong(1),
                    "lastCommittedOpTimeAtElection" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(0, 0),
                            "t" : NumberLong(-1)
                    },
                    "lastSeenOpTimeAtElection" : {
                            "ts" : Timestamp(1638286074, 1),
                            "t" : NumberLong(-1)
                    },
                    "numVotesNeeded" : 1,
                    "priorityAtElection" : 1,
                    "electionTimeoutMillis" : NumberLong(10000),
                    "newTermStartDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.637Z"),
                    "wMajorityWriteAvailabilityDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54.660Z")
            },
            "members" : [
                    {
                            "_id" : 0,
                            "name" : "supman:28017",
                            "health" : 1,
                            "state" : 1,
                            "stateStr" : "PRIMARY",
                            "uptime" : 1886,
                            "optime" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24Z"),
                            "syncSourceHost" : "",
                            "syncSourceId" : -1,
                            "infoMessage" : "",
                            "electionTime" : Timestamp(1638286074, 2),
                            "electionDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:27:54Z"),
                            "configVersion" : 3,
                            "configTerm" : 1,
                            "self" : true,
                            "lastHeartbeatMessage" : ""
                    },
                    {
                            "_id" : 1,
                            "name" : "supman:28018",
                            "health" : 1,
                            "state" : 2,
                            "stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
                            "uptime" : 442,
                            "optime" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDurable" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24Z"),
                            "optimeDurableDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24Z"),
                            "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:28.545Z"),
                            "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:28.566Z"),
                            "pingMs" : NumberLong(0),
                            "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "",
                            "syncSourceHost" : "supman:28017",
                            "syncSourceId" : 0,
                            "infoMessage" : "",
                            "configVersion" : 3,
                            "configTerm" : 1
                    },
                    {
                            "_id" : 2,
                            "name" : "supman:28019",
                            "health" : 1,
                            "state" : 2,
                            "stateStr" : "SECONDARY",
                            "uptime" : 409,
                            "optime" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDurable" : {
                                    "ts" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                                    "t" : NumberLong(1)
                            },
                            "optimeDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24Z"),
                            "optimeDurableDate" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:24Z"),
                            "lastHeartbeat" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:28.565Z"),
                            "lastHeartbeatRecv" : ISODate("2021-11-30T15:44:29.316Z"),
                            "pingMs" : NumberLong(0),
                            "lastHeartbeatMessage" : "",
                            "syncSourceHost" : "supman:28018",
                            "syncSourceId" : 1,
                            "infoMessage" : "",
                            "configVersion" : 3,
                            "configTerm" : 1
                    }
            ],
            "ok" : 1,
            "$clusterTime" : {
                    "clusterTime" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1),
                    "signature" : {
                            "hash" : BinData(0,"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="),
                            "keyId" : NumberLong(0)
                    }
            },
            "operationTime" : Timestamp(1638287064, 1)
    }
  6. 在从节点上配置可读

    进入从节点

    mongo --port 28018 mongo --port 28019

    设置从节点可读

    rs.slaveOk()

  7. 最后在主节点增加一个用户,创建一个数据库和集合,插入数据后也能在从节点查看到数据了

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