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倒排索引

prometheus tsdb中的index以倒排索引的方式组织:

  • 给每个series分配1个id

    • 用seriesId查询series,这是前向索引,查询时间复杂度=O(1);
  • 构造label的索引

    • 若seriesId={2,5,10,29}都含有label: app='nginx';
    • 那么,对于app='nginx", {2,5,10,29}就是它的倒排索引;

举例来说,对于seriesId=5:

// seriesId=5
{
    __name__ = "request_total",
    pod="nginx-1",
    path="/api/v1/status",
    status="200",
    method="GET"
}

那么,对于:

  • status="200": 它的倒排索引={1,2,5,......}
  • method="GET": 它的倒排索引={2,3,4,5,6,9,......}

整体源码框架

内存中,使用headIndexReader,将内存block中的label组织成倒排索引;
block中,使用blockIndexReader,读取block目录中的index文件,将其中的label组织倒排索引;
headIndexReader和blockIndexReader均继承自indexReader,提供了:

  • LabelNames(): 查询所有的Label key;
  • LabelValues(name):查询label key对应的values;
  • Postings():查询label key/value对应的[]seriesId;

blockQuerier根据不同的block,构造不同的indexReader来读取Label索引;blockQuerier使用Postings()得到[]seriesId后,再使用chunkReader最终读取到时序数据(t/v)。

image.png

内存中的倒排索引

数据结构:

// tsdb/index/postings.go
type MemPostings struct {
    mtx     sync.RWMutex

    // label key --> []labelValue
    values  map[string]stringset // Label names to possible values.

    // map[labelName]map[labelValue]postingsList
    // labelName --> labelValue --> []posting
    m       map[string]map[string][]uint64
    ordered bool
}

// tsdb/head.go
// Head handles reads and writes of time series data within a time window.
type Head struct {
    ......
    postings *index.MemPostings // Postings lists for terms.
}

1-内存倒排索引的插入

入口是插入时序数据:

  • 如果lset已经在series中了,则直接返回;
  • 否则获取一个seriesId:

    • 将label key/value插入到h.values;
    • 将label key/value和seriesId插入到h.postings中(大map);
// tsdb/head.go
func (a *headAppender) Add(lset labels.Labels, t int64, v float64) (uint64, error) {
    ......
    s, created, err := a.head.getOrCreate(lset.Hash(), lset)
        ......
}

func (h *Head) getOrCreate(hash uint64, lset labels.Labels) (*memSeries, bool, error) {
    s := h.series.getByHash(hash, lset)
    // 已经有了,直接返回
    if s != nil {
        return s, false, nil
    }
    id := atomic.AddUint64(&h.lastSeriesID, 1)
    return h.getOrCreateWithID(id, hash, lset)
}

插入到h.values和h.postings:

// tsdb/head.go
func (h *Head) getOrCreateWithID(id, hash uint64, lset labels.Labels) (*memSeries, bool, error) {
    s := newMemSeries(lset, id, h.chunkRange, &h.memChunkPool)
    ......
    // 将label key/value插入 h.values
    for _, l := range lset {
        valset, ok := h.values[l.Name]
        if !ok {
            valset = stringset{}
            h.values[l.Name] = valset
        }
        // 插入key,value
        valset.set(l.Value)
        ......
    }
    // id=seriesId
    // 将key/value/seriesId插入h.postings
    h.postings.Add(id, lset)
    return s, true, nil
}

2-内存倒排索引的查询

主要在headIndexReader中进行:

  • 通过LableNames()查询所有的lableName;
  • 通过LabelValues(name)查询labelName对应的labelValues;
  • 通过postings查询到key、value对应的[]seriesId,最终使用seriesId+chunkReader查询最终的时序数据(t/v);

LableNames()和LabelValues(name)都是使用head.values:

// tsdb/head.go
func (h *headIndexReader) LabelNames() ([]string, error) {
    labelNames := make([]string, 0, len(h.head.values))
    // 读h.head.values
    for name := range h.head.values {
        if name == "" {
            continue
        }
        labelNames = append(labelNames, name)
    }
    sort.Strings(labelNames)
    return labelNames, nil
}
// tsdb/head.go
func (h *headIndexReader) LabelValues(name string) ([]string, error) {
    sl := make([]string, 0, len(h.head.values[name]))
    // 读h.head.values
    for s := range h.head.values[name] {
        sl = append(sl, s)
    }
    return sl, nil
}

Postings()提供了查询key/values对应的[]seriesId的功能:

// tsdb/head.go
// Postings returns the postings list iterator for the label pairs.
func (h *headIndexReader) Postings(name string, values ...string) (index.Postings, error) {
    res := make([]index.Postings, 0, len(values))
    for _, value := range values {
        res = append(res, h.head.postings.Get(name, value))
    }
    return index.Merge(res...), nil
}

block中的倒排索引

数据结构:

// tsdb/index/index.go
type Reader struct {
    ......
    // labelName--> labelValue + offset
    postings map[string][]postingOffset
    ......
}

block中的倒排索引,是read磁盘block中的index文件得到。

查询LabelNames():

  • 具体读取由Reader.LableNames()实现;
  • blockIndexReader.LabelNames()最终调用Reader.LabelNames();
// tsdb/index/index.go
// LabelNames returns all the unique label names present in the index.
func (r *Reader) LabelNames() ([]string, error) {
    labelNames := make([]string, 0, len(r.postings))
    // 读r.postings
    for name := range r.postings {
        ......
        labelNames = append(labelNames, name)
    }
    sort.Strings(labelNames)
    return labelNames, nil
}

// tsdb/block.go
func (r blockIndexReader) LabelNames() ([]string, error) {
    return r.b.LabelNames()
}

查询LabelValues(name):

  • 具体读取由Reader.LabelValues读toc.PostingsTable实现;
  • blockIndexReader.LabelValues()最终调用Reader.LabelValues();
// tsdb/index/index.go
// LabelValues returns value tuples that exist for the given label name.
func (r *Reader) LabelValues(name string) ([]string, error) {
    ......
    e, ok := r.postings[name]
    values := make([]string, 0, len(e)*symbolFactor)
    // 读toc.PostingsTable
    d := encoding.NewDecbufAt(r.b, int(r.toc.PostingsTable), nil)
    d.Skip(e[0].off)
    lastVal := e[len(e)-1].value

    for d.Err() == nil {
        ......
        s := yoloString(d.UvarintBytes()) //Label value.
        values = append(values, s)
    }
    return values, nil
}

// tsdb/block.go
func (r blockIndexReader) LabelValues(name string) ([]string, error) {
    st, err := r.ir.LabelValues(name)
    return st, errors.Wrapf(err, "block: %s", r.b.Meta().ULID)
}

查询Postings():

  • 具体读取由Reader.Postings()读toc.PostingsTable实现;
  • blockIndexReader.Postings()最终调用Reader.Postings();
// tsdb/index/index.go
func (r *Reader) Postings(name string, values ...string) (Postings, error) {
    .....
    e, ok := r.postings[name]
    res := make([]Postings, 0, len(values))
    for valueIndex < len(values) && values[valueIndex] < e[0].value {
        // Discard values before the start.
        valueIndex++
    }
    for valueIndex < len(values) {
        value := values[valueIndex]
        i := sort.Search(len(e), func(i int) bool { return e[i].value >= value })
        d := encoding.NewDecbufAt(r.b, int(r.toc.PostingsTable), nil)
        d.Skip(e[i].off)
        for d.Err() == nil {
            ......
            d2 := encoding.NewDecbufAt(r.b, int(postingsOff), castagnoliTable)
            _, p, err := r.dec.Postings(d2.Get())
            res = append(res, p)
        }
    }
    return Merge(res...), nil
}

// tsdb/block.go
func (r blockIndexReader) Postings(name string, values ...string) (index.Postings, error) {
    p, err := r.ir.Postings(name, values...)
    if err != nil {
        return p, errors.Wrapf(err, "block: %s", r.b.Meta().ULID)
    }
    return p, nil
}

Postings()在查询时使用

内存和block使用Postings()进行查询的流程类似,只是使用不同的indexReader。

1) 查询入口:加载内存block和磁盘block,构造出blockQuerier

// tsdb/db.go
func (db *DB) Querier(_ context.Context, mint, maxt int64) (storage.Querier, error) {
    var blocks []BlockReader
    // 磁盘block
    for _, b := range db.blocks {
        if b.OverlapsClosedInterval(mint, maxt) {
            blocks = append(blocks, b)
            blockMetas = append(blockMetas, b.Meta())
        }
    }
    // 内存block
    if maxt >= db.head.MinTime() {
        blocks = append(blocks, &RangeHead{
            head: db.head,
            mint: mint,
            maxt: maxt,
        })
    }
    blockQueriers := make([]storage.Querier, 0, len(blocks))
    for _, b := range blocks {
        q, err := NewBlockQuerier(b, mint, maxt)
        if err == nil {
            blockQueriers = append(blockQueriers, q)
            continue
        }
    }
    return &querier{
        blocks: blockQueriers,
    }, nil
}

可以看出:

  • 对于内存block,使用RangeHead结构;
  • 对于磁盘block,使用Block结构;

2) 构造blockQuerier

// tsdb/querier.go
// NewBlockQuerier returns a querier against the reader.
func NewBlockQuerier(b BlockReader, mint, maxt int64) (storage.Querier, error) {
    // 构造headIndexReader
    indexr, err := b.Index()
    if err != nil {
        return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "open index reader")
    }
    chunkr, err := b.Chunks()
    .....
    return &blockQuerier{
        mint:       mint,
        maxt:       maxt,
        index:      indexr,
        chunks:     chunkr,
        tombstones: tombsr,
    }, nil
}

上述代码中,最重要的是:

// 根据不同的block构造出不同的indexReader
indexr, err := b.Index()

对于内存block(RangeHead): 最终构造的是headIndexReader

// tsdb/head.go
func (h *RangeHead) Index() (IndexReader, error) {
    return h.head.indexRange(h.mint, h.maxt), nil
}

func (h *Head) indexRange(mint, maxt int64) *headIndexReader {
    if hmin := h.MinTime(); hmin > mint {
        mint = hmin
    }
    return &headIndexReader{head: h, mint: mint, maxt: maxt}
}

对于磁盘block(Block): 最终构造的是blockIndexReader

// tsdb/block.go
// Index returns a new IndexReader against the block data.
func (pb *Block) Index() (IndexReader, error) {
    if err := pb.startRead(); err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return blockIndexReader{ir: pb.indexr, b: pb}, nil
}

3) BlockQuerier使用indexReader查询postings信息
查询seriesSet

func (q *blockQuerier) Select(sortSeries bool, hints *storage.SelectHints, ms ...*labels.Matcher) storage.SeriesSet {
    ......
    if sortSeries {
        base, err = LookupChunkSeriesSorted(q.index, q.tombstones, ms...)
    } else {
        base, err = LookupChunkSeries(q.index, q.tombstones, ms...)
    }
    ......
}

func lookupChunkSeries(sorted bool, ir IndexReader, tr tombstones.Reader, ms ...*labels.Matcher) (storage.DeprecatedChunkSeriesSet, error) {
    ......
    // 最终会调用indexReader.Postings()
    p, err := PostingsForMatchers(ir, ms...)
    ......
}

PostingsForMatchers最终会调用到indexReader.Postings()。

参考

1.https://ganeshvernekar.com/bl...


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