怎样才能让python 脚本像shell命令一样直接运行并可以接收参数？

Question

如果您的答案是：给py脚本运行权限，并且加上 #!/usr/bin/env python 的话，请您继续往下看。

今天在PyPI上发现一个包pyfasta，pip安装之后，可以在命令行下输入pyfasta直接运行

root$ pyfasta extract --help
Usage: extract some sequences from a fasta file. e.g.:
               pyfasta extract --fasta some.fasta --header at2g26540 at3g45640

Options:
  -h, --help     show this help message and exit
  --fasta=FASTA  path to the fasta file

安装包内只有四个py文件（ __init__.py, fasta.py, records.py, split_fasta.py）

1. 这是怎么做到的？

2. pyfasata 可以指定不同的action（下述的四个），接受不同的参数，从而实现不同的功能
   这样要怎么做？

可以结合 __init__.py 的内容，我有点头绪，但又不是完全懂，已付__init__.py的代码
`

root$pyfasta 
available actions:
    `extract`: extract sequences from a fasta file
    `info`: show info about the fasta file and exit.
    `split`: split a large fasta file into separate files
             and/or into K-mers.
    `flatten`: flatten a fasta file inplace so that later`

import sys
from .fasta import Fasta, complement, DuplicateHeaderException
from .records import *
from .split_fasta import split
import optparse

def main():
    help = """
    available actions:
        `extract`: extract sequences from a fasta file
        `info`: show info about the fasta file and exit.
        `split`: split a large fasta file into separate files
                 and/or into K-mers.
        `flatten`: flatten a fasta file inplace so that later
                   command-line (and programmattic) access via
                   pyfasta will use the inplace flattened version
                   rather than creating another .flat copy of the
                   sequence.

    to view the help for a particular action, use:
        pyfasta [action] --help
    e.g.:
        pyfasta extract --help
    """
    if len(sys.argv) == 1:
        print(help)
        sys.exit()

    action = sys.argv[1]

    sglobals = globals()
    if not action in sglobals:
        print("%s not a valid action" % action)
        print(help)
        sys.exit()

    globals()[action](sys.argv[2:])

def info(args):
    """
    >>> info(['tests/data/three_chrs.fasta'])
    <BLANKLINE>
    tests/data/three_chrs.fasta
    ===========================
    >chr3 length:3600
    >chr2 length:80
    >chr1 length:80
    <BLANKLINE>
    3760 basepairs in 3 sequences
    """
    parser = optparse.OptionParser("""\
   print headers and lengths of the given fasta file in order of length. e.g.:
        pyfasta info --gc some.fasta""")

    parser.add_option("-n", "--n", type="int", dest="nseqs",
                      help="max number of records to print. use -1 for all",
                      default=20)
    parser.add_option("--gc", dest="gc", help="show gc content",
                      action="store_true", default=False)
    options, fastas = parser.parse_args(args)
    if not (fastas):
        sys.exit(parser.print_help())
    import operator

    for fasta in fastas:
        f = Fasta(fasta)
        info = [(k, len(seq)) for k, seq in f.items()]

        total_len = sum(l for k, l in info)
        nseqs = len(f)
        if options.nseqs > -1:
            info = sorted(info,  key=operator.itemgetter(1, 0), reverse=True)
            info = info[:options.nseqs]
        else:
            info.sort()

        print("\n" + fasta)
        print("=" * len(fasta))
        for k, l in info:
            gc = ""
            if options.gc:
                seq = str(f[k]).upper()
                g = seq.count('G')
                c = seq.count('C')
                gc = 100.0 * (g + c) / float(l)
                gc = "gc:%.2f%%" % gc
            print((">%s length:%i" % (k, l)) + gc)

        if total_len > 1000000:
            total_len = "%.3fM" % (total_len / 1000000.)
        print()
        print("%s basepairs in %i sequences" % (total_len, nseqs))

def flatten(args):
    """
    >>> flatten(['tests/data/three_chrs.fasta'])
    """
    parser = optparse.OptionParser("""flatten a fasta file *inplace* so all later access by pyfasta will use that flattend (but still viable) fasta file""")
    _, fasta = parser.parse_args(args)
    for fa in fasta:
        f = Fasta(fa, flatten_inplace=True)

def extract(args):
    """
    >>> extract(['--fasta', 'tests/data/three_chrs.fasta', 'chr2'])
    TAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAT
    """

    parser = optparse.OptionParser("""extract some sequences from a fasta file. e.g.:
               pyfasta extract --fasta some.fasta --header at2g26540 at3g45640""")
    parser.add_option("--fasta", dest="fasta", help="path to the fasta file")
    parser.add_option("--header", dest="header", help="include headers", action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_option("--exclude", dest="exclude", help="extract all sequences EXCEPT those listed", action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_option("--file", dest="file", help=\
                      "if this flag is used, the sequences to extract" \
                      " are read from the file specified in args"
                      , action="store_true", default=False)
    parser.add_option("--space", dest="space", action="store_true", help=\
                      "use the fasta identifier only up to the space as the key",
                      default=False)
    options, seqs = parser.parse_args(args)
    if not (options.fasta and len(seqs)):
        sys.exit(parser.print_help())

    key_fn = (lambda k: k.split()[0]) if options.space else None
    f = Fasta(options.fasta, key_fn=key_fn)
    if options.file:
        seqs = (x.strip() for x in open(seqs[0]))
    if options.exclude:
        seqs = sorted(frozenset(iter(f.keys())).difference(seqs))

    for seqname in seqs:
        seq = f[seqname]
        if options.header:
            print(">%s" % seqname)
        print(seq)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Answer 1

使用sys.argv来实现的

Answer 2

我知道了，python自带的包，optparse，上述就是使用的它，
现在推行的新版的是 argparse，
另外还有第三方包 Clint， Click， docopt， Plac， Cliff
上述第三方包应该都要比自带的好用（自带的写代码太多了）
可看一看这一篇比较的文章 Python命令行解析库比较 - Argparse, Docopt, and Click

Clint
clint is a Python module which is filled with very useful tools for developing command-line applications. It supports features such as; CLI colors and indents, simple and powerful column printer, iterator based progress bars and implicit argument handling.

Click
click is an upcoming Python package for creating command-line interfaces in a composable way with as little code as possible. This “Command-line Interface Creation Kit” is highly configurable but comes with good defaults out of the box.

docopt
docopt is a lightweight, highly Pythonic package that allows creating command-line interfaces easily and intuitively, by parsing POSIX-style usage instructions.

Plac
Plac is a simple wrapper over the Python standard library argparse, which hides most of its complexity by using a declarative interface: the argument parser is inferred rather than written down by imperatively. This module targets especially unsophisticated users, programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, who choose to create a command-line interface because it is quick and simple.

Cliff
Cliff is a framework for building command-line programs. It uses setuptools entry points to provide subcommands, output formatters, and other extensions. The framework is meant to be used to create multi-level commands such as subversion and git, where the main program handles some basic argument parsing and then invokes a sub-command to do the work.

第三方的包中，Click， docopt 应该较好一点，其他的暂时未知
详细的信息参考这里Command-line Applications
至于 像脚本hello.py 如何 hello 就运行呢？建议您看看 python的setuptools
或者参见这一篇python如何像 ls -l 那样运行命令

Answer 3

1.这是怎么做到的？
Python命令行自身支持增加参数，命令行所有的参数（包括py文件名本身）都可以用sys.argv来获取。

# hello.py
import sys

print sys.argv

然后我们在命令行执行python hello.py hello，输出结果：

['hello.py', 'hello']

当然你可能发现了，它的命令行并不是python开头的，这是因为（估计）是该包在安装过程中，增加了一条自定义的命令，手动方法：（Ubuntu-14.04验证有效）在命令行中输入alias pyhello="python /path/hello.py"，这样就在系统中增加了pyhello这么一个命令，输入它就相当于执行python /path/hello.py。

2.……怎么做？

嗯，上述原理已经知道了，你在你的程序里判断一下参数，不就OK了？别说4个，40个都没问题……

3.Extra

如果要活用命令行的话，Python有个标准包叫getopt很好用。
祝你好运。