在 Clang 中定位 iostream：致命错误：找不到“iostream”文件

Question

我编写了以下简单的 C++ 程序：

 #include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    cout << "Hello, World" << endl;
    return 0;
}

当我用 g++ 编译它时，它工作得很好。当我尝试使用 Clang++ 编译时，出现以下错误：

 main.cpp:1:10: fatal error: 'iostream' file not found
#include <iostream>
         ^~~~~~~~~~
1 error generated.

使用 -v 参数运行，我看到以下内容：

 ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++/backward"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/include"
ignoring duplicate directory "/usr/include/clang/6.0.0/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++
 /usr/include/clang/6.0.0/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
 /usr/include
End of search list.

分别查看这些文件夹，我发现在 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../include/c++ （或者，更简洁地，在 /usr/include/c++ ）我有以下目录：

 drwxr-xr-x   5 root root 4.0K Feb  4 09:38 .
drwxr-xr-x 101 root root  20K Feb  4 12:22 ..
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  12K May 24  2018 5
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  12K Oct  9 14:53 7
drwxr-xr-x   5 root root 4.0K Feb  4 09:38 v1
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    1 Apr 11  2018 5.5.0 -> 5
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    1 Apr 15  2018 7.3.0 -> 7

在每个 5 、 7 和 v1 目录中都存在一个名为 iostream 的文件

Also in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu there exists a c++ directory which looks exactly like this one (with 5 , 7 , 5.5.0 和 7.3.0 目录）。

同样在 /usr/include 存在一个 c++ 目录，它看起来与上面的两个完全相同

我不确定我的开发环境是如何变得如此混乱的，但此时我只想知道如何修复它，以便 Clang++ 能够成功找到 iostream 的这 9 个实例之一，而不是抛出它不存在的错误。我需要添加一个环境变量来告诉 Clang 去哪里看吗？我是否需要传递命令行参数来告诉 Clang 递归搜索？

更新 (1)

当我尝试使用 libc++ 构建时，我收到以下错误：

 $> clang++ -stdlib=libc++ main.cpp
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lc++abi
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

当我尝试使用手动覆盖的包含路径进行构建时，出现以下错误：

 $> clang++ -isystem /usr/include/c++/7 -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7 main.cpp
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lstdc++
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

当我同时尝试这两种方法时，我收到以下（非常大的）错误：

 $> clang++ -isystem /usr/include/c++/7 -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7 -stdlib=libc++ main.cpp
In file included from main.cpp:1:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/iostream:39:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ostream:38:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ios:42:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/ios_base.h:41:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/locale_classes.h:40:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/string:52:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/basic_string.h:6352:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ext/string_conversions.h:41:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/cstdlib:77:
/usr/include/c++/7/bits/std_abs.h:56:3: error: declaration conflicts with target of using declaration already in scope
  abs(long __i) { return __builtin_labs(__i); }
  ^
/usr/include/c++/v1/stdlib.h:111:44: note: target of using declaration
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long      abs(     long __x) _NOEXCEPT {return  labs(__x);}
                                           ^
/usr/include/c++/7/bits/std_abs.h:52:11: note: using declaration
  using ::abs;
          ^
/usr/include/c++/7/bits/std_abs.h:61:3: error: declaration conflicts with target of using declaration already in scope
  abs(long long __x) { return __builtin_llabs (__x); }
  ^
/usr/include/c++/v1/stdlib.h:113:44: note: target of using declaration
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY long long abs(long long __x) _NOEXCEPT {return llabs(__x);}
                                           ^
/usr/include/c++/7/bits/std_abs.h:52:11: note: using declaration
  using ::abs;
          ^
In file included from main.cpp:1:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/iostream:39:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ostream:38:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ios:42:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/ios_base.h:41:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/locale_classes.h:40:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/string:52:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/bits/basic_string.h:6352:
In file included from /usr/include/c++/7/ext/string_conversions.h:41:
/usr/include/c++/7/cstdlib:177:3: error: declaration conflicts with target of using declaration already in scope
  div(long __i, long __j) { return ldiv(__i, __j); }
  ^
/usr/include/c++/v1/stdlib.h:116:42: note: target of using declaration
inline _LIBCPP_INLINE_VISIBILITY  ldiv_t div(     long __x,      long __y) _NOEXCEPT {return  ldiv(__x, __y);}
                                         ^
/usr/include/c++/7/cstdlib:145:11: note: using declaration
  using ::div;
          ^

提醒一下， 我实际上只是在尝试编译 Hello, World

我还尝试使用以下命令卸载并重新安装 Clang：

 $> sudo apt-get purge --auto-remove clang
$> sudo apt-get update
$> sudo apt-get install clang

这没有效果。我正在运行 Ubuntu 18.04，但我不知道出了什么问题或从哪里开始修复它。我的构建环境一团糟。

如果可能的话，我想让 Clang 工作而不是回退到使用 G++，因为我的 IDE 似乎会自动检测 Clang 并将其用于语法检查。这意味着我编写的每个 C++ 程序在第一行都有一个致命错误（“iostream not found”），并且文件的其余部分未检查，因为第一个是致命错误。

更新 (2)

我尝试从 Ubuntu apt 存储库安装更多软件包，但没有成功：

 $> sudo apt-get install libc++1 libc++1-9 libc++abi1 libc++abi1-9 llvm-9 llvm-9-dev
$> clang++ -isystem /usr/include/c++/7 -isystem /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/c++/7 -stdlib=libc++ main.cpp
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lc++
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

我也试过 sudo apt-get install lc++1 却发现这是一个 完全不相关 的包。

更新 (3)

我又花了几个小时试图解决这个问题，从 apt 和源代码安装多个包，尝试不同版本的各种工具，从其他源手动复制库，甚至跳到 Clang IRC 并直接与几个知识渊博的开发人员交谈.

没有人能够弄清楚我的笔记本电脑出了什么问题，而且我所做的任何事情都无法让它正常工作。

不幸的是，再过两周我就不会再拥有这台笔记本电脑了，所以我可能需要关闭这个问题，因为“无法重现”——因为一旦笔记本电脑不见了，我将无法复制损坏的开发环境。

原文由 stevendesu 发布，翻译遵循 CC BY-SA 4.0 许可协议

Answer 1

我也被这个问题困扰了很久。你应该尝试删除文件夹（cd /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/8）。 clang++ 不能工作的原因是这个文件夹不包含 libstdc++.a。

 clang version 6.0.0-1ubuntu2 (tags/RELEASE_600/final)
Target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /usr/bin
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5.5.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/6
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/6.5.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7.3.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/5.5.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/6
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/6.5.0
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7
Found candidate GCC installation: /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7.3.0
Selected GCC installation: /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7.3.0

检查/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/clang++中的所有文件夹会选择最后一个，确保最后一个有libstdc++.a

原文由 suntao 发布，翻译遵循 CC BY-SA 4.0 许可协议