如何修复安装 Jupyter Notebook 时出现的错误

Question

新手上路，请多包涵

我是 Python 新手，尝试使用以下命令从 Windows 命令提示符窗口中安装 Jupyter Notebook ：

 pip install jupyter

但是在下载几分钟后，会显示一条错误消息，如下所示：

   Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
    Preparing wheel metadata ... error
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\python.exe
' 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\lib\site-packages\pip\
_vendor\pep517_in_process.py' prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel 'C:\Users\asd\Ap
pData\Local\Temp\tmpnj_hhq6y'
         cwd: C:\Users\asd\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-_pnki5r8\pywinpty
    Complete output (6 lines):

    Cargo, the Rust package manager, is not installed or is not on PATH.
    This package requires Rust and Cargo to compile extensions. Install it through
    the system's package manager or via https://rustup.rs/

    Checking for Rust toolchain....
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\progr
ams\python\python38-32\python.exe' 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\p
ython38-32\lib\site-packages\pip_vendor\pep517_in_process.py' prepare_metadata
_for_build_wheel 'C:\Users\asd\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpnj_hhq6y' Check the logs for
full command output.
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.1; however, version 21.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\pytho
n\python38-32\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

我在这里附上了错误输出的最后一部分。

如何修复此错误以成功安装 Jupyter Notebook ？

EDIT1： 我从错误消息中的链接安装了 Rust 包。之后我再次尝试安装 Jupyter Notebook ，这次比之前多了几个步骤之后，又输出了一个错误：

 Building wheels for collected packages: pywinpty
  Building wheel for pywinpty (PEP 517) ... -  WARNING: Subprocess output does
not appear to be encoded as cp1252
  WARNING: Subprocess output does not appear to be encoded as cp1252
error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\python.exe'
'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\python38-32\lib\site-packages\pip_v
endor\pep517_in_process.py' build_wheel 'C:\Users\asd\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpaj5
u66_y'
       cwd: C:\Users\asd\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-mep4ye8d\pywinpty
  Complete output (60 lines):
  Running `maturin pep517 build-wheel -i c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\pyt
hon\python38-32\python.exe`
     Compiling proc-macro2 v1.0.26
     Compiling unicode-xid v0.2.2
     Compiling syn v1.0.71
     Compiling winapi v0.3.9
     Compiling jobserver v0.1.22
  error: could not compile `proc-macro2`

  To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
  warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
  error: build failed
  dY'¥ maturin failed
    Caused by: Failed to build a native library through cargo
    Caused by: Cargo build finished with "exit code: 101": `cargo rustc --messag
e-format json --manifest-path Cargo.toml --release --lib --`
  dY\x8d1 Building a mixed python/rust project
  dY"- Found pyo3 bindings
  dY\x90\x8d Found CPython 3.8 at c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\python\pyt
hon38-32\python.exe
  error: linker `link.exe` not found
    |
    = note: The system cannot find the file specified. (os error 2)

  note: the msvc targets depend on the msvc linker but `link.exe` was not found

  note: please ensure that VS 2013, VS 2015, VS 2017 or VS 2019 was installed wi
th the Visual C++ option

  error: aborting due to previous error

  error: linker `link.exe` not found
    |
    = note: The system cannot find the file specified. (os error 2)

  note: the msvc targets depend on the msvc linker but `link.exe` was not found

  note: please ensure that VS 2013, VS 2015, VS 2017 or VS 2019 was installed wi
th the Visual C++ option

  error: aborting due to previous error

  error: linker `link.exe` not found
    |
    = note: The system cannot find the file specified. (os error 2)

  note: the msvc targets depend on the msvc linker but `link.exe` was not found

  note: please ensure that VS 2013, VS 2015, VS 2017 or VS 2019 was installed wi
th the Visual C++ option

  error: aborting due to previous error

  Error: command ['maturin', 'pep517', 'build-wheel', '-i', 'c:\\users\\asd\\app
data\\local\\programs\\python\\python38-32\\python.exe'] returned non-zero exit
status 1
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for pywinpty
Failed to build pywinpty
ERROR: Could not build wheels for pywinpty which use PEP 517 and cannot be insta
lled directly
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.2.1; however, version 21.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'c:\users\asd\appdata\local\programs\pytho
n\python38-32\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.